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851.
基于鄂州、黄石、仙桃三地年龄在18岁至45岁之间女性的4 318份实地调查问卷,建立二元Logistic模型,分析三地农村女性迁居城镇意愿状况及其影响因素。研究结果表明:52%的农村女性愿意迁居到城镇,而34.2%的农村女性不愿意迁居到城镇。受教育程度程度越高、年龄越小、未婚、非农收入较高的农村女性更倾向于迁居城市。同时,女性居住地所在区域作为环境外围因素对迁居选择也有重要影响。离大、中城市越近,城市文明影响越深的区域,农村女性迁居城镇意愿越强。值得注意的是,居住在农村集镇的女性,具有较高的迁居愿意,高于居住在县城或纯乡村区域的女性。在现阶段,户籍因素、是否有外出务工经历对女性的迁居意愿的影响不显著。女性迁居城镇意愿是农民工家庭彻底融入城市的关键因素。因此,建议大力提高农村女性受教育水平,加强农村女性的教育培训。同时,在公共政策制定和实施中,需增加农村女性平等竞争机会。 相似文献
852.
杜仲人工林生物量和生产力研究 总被引:7,自引:1,他引:7
对四川西部和北部兵陵,低山地区的仲人工林分生物量生产力进行了测定和研究。按“平均标准木法”和“样方收获法”分别调查了乔木层、草本地被物层和枯枝落叶层的生物量。根据调查数据,用“相对生长法则”建立了乔木层单株木各器官干重的回归方程,方程的精度在93.6%以上,具参考价值。 相似文献
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855.
Sun H Trabue SL Scoggin K Jackson WA Pan Y Zhao Y Malkina IL Koziel JA Mitloehner FM 《Journal of environmental quality》2008,37(2):615-622
There are approximately 2.5 million dairy cows in California. Emission inventories list dairy cows and their manure as the major source of regional air pollutants, but data on their actual emissions remain sparse, particularly for smog-forming volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and greenhouse gases (GHGs). We report measurements of alcohols, volatile fatty acids, phenols, and methane (CH4) emitted from nonlactating (dry) and lactating dairy cows and their manure under controlled conditions. The experiment was conducted in an environmental chamber that simulates commercial concrete-floored freestall cow housing conditions. The fluxes of methanol, ethanol, and CH4 were measured from cows and/or their fresh manure. The average estimated methanol and ethanol emissions were 0.33 and 0.51 g cow(-1) h(-1) from dry cows and manure and 0.7 and 1.27 g cow(-1) h(-1) from lactating cows and manure, respectively. Both alcohols increased over time, coinciding with increasing accumulation of manure on the chamber floor. Volatile fatty acids and phenols were emitted at concentrations close to their detection limit. Average estimated CH4 emissions were predominantly associated with enteric fermentation from cows rather than manure and were 12.35 and 18.23 g cow(-1) h(-1) for dry and lactating cows, respectively. Lactating cows produced considerably more gaseous VOCs and GHGs emissions than dry cows (P < 0.001). Dairy cows and fresh manure have the potential to emit considerable amounts of alcohols and CH4 and research is needed to determine effective mitigation. 相似文献
856.
Sun H Pan Y Zhao Y Jackson WA Nuckles LM Malkina IL Arteaga VE Mitloehner FM 《Journal of environmental quality》2008,37(2):608-614
Sodium bisulfate (SBS) is extensively used in the poultry industry to reduce ammonia and bacterial levels in litter. It is also used in the dairy industry to reduce bacterial counts in bedding and ammonia emissions, preventing environmental mastitis and calf respiratory stress. The present study measured the effect of SBS on the air emission of ammonia, amine, and alcohol from a dairy slurry mix. Amine flux was undetectable (<5 ng L(-1)) across treatments. Application of SBS decreased ammonia, methanol, and ethanol emissions from fresh dairy slurry. Ammonia emissions decreased with increasing levels of SBS treatment. The 3-d average ammonia flux from the control (no SBS applied) and the three different SBS surface application levels of 0.125, 0.250, and 0.375 kg m(-2) were 513.4, 407.2, 294.8, and 204.5 mg h(-1) m(-2), respectively. The ammonia emission reduction potentials were 0, 21, 43, and 60%, respectively. Methanol and ethanol emissions decreased with an increase in the amount of SBS applied. The 3-d average methanol emissions were 223.7, 178.0, 131.6, and 87.0 mg h(-1) m(-2) for SBS surface application level of 0, 0.125, 0.250, and 0.375 kg m(-2), with corresponding reduction potentials of 0, 20, 41, and 61, respectively. Similar emission reduction potentials of 0, 18, 35, and 58% were obtained for ethanol. Sodium bisulfate was shown to be effective in the mitigation of ammonia and alcohol emissions from fresh dairy slurry. 相似文献
857.
Thermochemical esterifying citric acid onto lignocellulose for enhancing methylene blue sorption capacity of rice straw 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
In this paper, rice straw was esterified thermochemically with citric acid (CA) to produce potentially biodegradable cationic sorbent. The modified rice straw (MRS) and crude rice straw (CRS) were evaluated for their methylene blue (MB) removal capacity from aqueous solution. The effects of various experimental parameters (e.g., initial pH, sorbent dose, dye concentration, ion strength, and contact time) were examined. The ratio of MB sorbed on CRS increased as the initial pH was increased from pH 2 to 10. For MRS, the MB removal ratio came up to the maximum value beyond pH 3. The 1.5g/l or up of MRS could almost completely remove the dye from 250mg/l of MB solution. The ratio of MB sorbed kept above 98% over a range from 50 to 450mg/l of MB concentration when 2.0g/l of MRS was used. Increase in ion strength of solution induced decline of MB sorption. The isothermal data fitted the Langmuir model. The sorption processes followed the pseudo-first-order rate kinetics. The intraparticle diffusion rate constant (k(id)) was greatly increased due to modification. 相似文献
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859.
实验以处理金属表面所产生的磷化废水为研究对象,系统地分析了在新型混凝剂的使用过程中,pH值、温度、石灰投入量、沉降时间、助剂A等因素对脱磷效果的影响。结果表明,含磷量为18mg/L、COD为300mg/L、SS为150mg/L、pH值为5.7~6.5的废水,石灰投入量为300mg/L、沉降时间为10min左右、温度为25℃、pH值调节至9.0、加入5mL助剂A处理后,废水中磷含量为0.25~0.35mg/L、COD为80mg/L、SS为60mg/L,满足《污水综合排放标准》(GB8978—1996)中的一级标准。 相似文献
860.
烟气脱硫是目前国际上广泛采用的控制二氧化硫的成熟技术,其中半干法烟气脱硫工艺在电厂烟气脱硫装置中占到20%~30%。该工艺的核心是将燃煤烟气绝热增湿,以促进氢氧化钙与二氧化硫反应而进行的。其衡量指标之一为烟气相对湿度,烟气湿度大,烟气脱硫效果好,但不利于烟气排放。为此,本文分析了相对湿度的概念、对脱硫的影响,同时分析了相对湿度对烟气监测的影响,并提出了相应的解决办法。 相似文献