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431.
Gabriela Domínguez-Cortinas Fernando Díaz-Barriga Rebeca Isabel Martínez-Salinas Patricia Cossío Iván Nelinho Pérez-Maldonado 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2013,20(1):351-357
In developing countries, the management of environmental toxicants is inadequate, thus, humans may be exposed to levels higher than normal levels (background levels). Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the exposure level of Mexican children to dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE), lead, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons [using 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP) as exposure biomarker] and to assess the percentage of children exposed to these four compounds at concentrations higher than normal in each community studied. We performed random sampling in eight communities in Mexico (five communities in Chiapas State and three communities in San Luis Potosi State). DDT and DDE were analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, the quantification of lead in blood was performed using atomic absorption spectrophotometry, and 1-OHP analyses were performed using HPLC with a fluorescence detector. Elevated DDT, DDE, and 1-OHP levels were found in children living in the indigenous communities of Chiapas State, while higher blood lead levels were found in two communities in San Luis Potosí. Approximately 30 % of children living in Chiapas were exposed to all four compounds at concentrations above the guidelines for each compound, whereas 48 % of children studied were exposed to all four contaminants at concentrations higher than normal in a community in San Luis Potosí State. As expected, our results showed that in hot spots, children are exposed to levels higher than normal. Therefore, child environmental health programs are urgently needed. 相似文献
432.
Thomas H. Stock Dennis J. Kotchmar Charles F. Contant Patricia A. Buffler Alfonso H. Holguin Brenda M. Gehan 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(12):1266-1273
In order to provide reliable pollutant and meteorological exposure estimates for an epidemiological study of asthmatics residing in two Houston neighborhoods, a dedicated three-tier air monitoring system was established. This consisted of fixed site ambient air monitoring at the center of each study area, a mobile van performing simultaneous indoor and outdoor measurements at selected residences of study participants, and a limited amount of direct personal monitoring for half of the participants. Monitored pollutants Included all criteria pollutant gases, as well as aeroallergens, aldehydes, TSP, and IP. Laboratory analyses provided concentrations of sulfate, nitrate, and trace elements. Continuous measurements of several meteorological parameters also were obtained. Intensive quality assurance and data validation efforts resulted in a high percentage of valid data for most pollutants. Ozone was the only measured pollutant that exceeded the NAAQS during the six-month (May to October) study period. The monitoring scheme allowed important pollutant concentration differences to be detected between day and night, between Indoors and outdoors, and among various indoor environments. The use of these monitoring data in combination with personal activity and household characteristics data to generate estimates of personal exposures for the epidemiological analysis will be described in a subsequent paper. 相似文献
433.
Patricia S. Muir Kimberly A. Wade Bradley H. Carter Thomas V. Armentano Robert A. Pribush 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(12):1359-1361
This work investigates the oxidative aging of preformed secondary organic aerosol (SOA) derived from α-pinene ozonolysis (~100 ppbv hydrocarbon [HCx] with excess of O3) within the University of California–Riverside Center for Environmental Research and Technology environmental chamber that occurs after introduction of additional hydroxyl (OH) and nitrate (NO3) radicals. Simultaneous measurements of SOA volume concentration, hygroscopicity, particle density, and elemental chemical composition (C:O:H) reveal increased particle wall-loss-corrected SOA formation (1.5%, 7.5%, and 15.1%), increase in oxygen-to-carbon ratio (O/C; 15.6%, 8.7%, and 8.7%), and hydrophilicity (4.2%, 7.4%, and 1.4%) after addition of NO (ultraviolet [UV] on), H2O2 (UV on), and N2O5 (dark), respectively. The processing observed as an increase in O/C and hydrophilicity is attributed to OH and NO3 reactions with first-generation vapor products and UV photolysis. The rate of increase in O/C appears to be only sufficient to achieve semivolatile oxygenated organic aerosol (SV-OOA) on a day time scale even at the raised chamber radical concentrations. The additional processing with UV irradiation without addition of NO, H2O2, or N2O5 is observed, adding 5.5% wall-loss-corrected volume. The photolysis-only processing is attributed to additional OH generated from photolysis of the nitrous acid (HONO) offgasing from chamber walls. This finding indicates that OH and NO3 radicals can further alter the chemical composition of SOA from α-pinene ozonolysis, which is proved to consist of first-generation products.
Implications: Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) may undergo aging processes once formed in the atmosphere, thereby altering the physicochemical and toxic properties of aerosol. This study discusses SOA aging of a major biogenic volatile organic compound (VOC; α-pinene) after it initially forms SOA. Aging of the α-pinene ozonolysis system by OH (through NO or H2O2 injection), NO3 (through N2O5 injection), and photolysis is observed. Although the reaction rate appears to be only sufficient to achieve semivolatile oxygenated organic aerosol (SV-OOA) level of oxygenation on a 1-day scale, it is important that SOA aging be considered in ambient air quality models. Aging in this study is attributed to further oxidation of gas-phase oxidation products of α-pinene ozonolysis. Supplemental Materials: Supplemental materials are available for this paper. Go to the publisher's online edition of the Journal of the Air &; Waste Management Association for information on the referenced α-pinene ozonolysis reaction and chamber reactor temperature. 相似文献
434.
Charles F. Contant Thomas H. Stock Patricia A. Buffler Alfonso H. Holguin Brenda M. Gehan Dennis J. Kotchmar 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(5):587-594
Estimates of individual personal exposures to ozone, nitrogen dioxide, pollen, temperature, and relative humidity for a group of asthmatics participating In a health effects study were obtained by means of a modeling approach utilizing fixed site monitoring data, regression relationships between fixed site and indoor and outdoor micro-environment concentrations, study subject activity patterns, and study household characteristics. A considerable improvement in the accuracy of exposure assessment using the exposure model instead of fixed site measurements alone was demonstrated for ozone. This large refinement of ozone exposure estimates was achieved using a simplified approach which emphasized the large differences between Indoor and outdoor micro-environmental concentrations, and assumed relatively little heterogeneity in exposure within either of these two broad micro-environmental categories. Major sources of error in the exposure model for ozone Include: failure to Include Indoor microenvironments with no air conditioning in the development of the model, Inability to accurately apportion within-hour time spent in different microenvironments, and misclassification of hour-specific personal location by study subjects. 相似文献
435.
James R. Mahoney Patricia M. Irving John L. Malanchuk 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(12):1489-1496
On the following pages is an excerpt from the Overview and Summary (Part 1) of the recently published 300-page National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program (NAPAP) document* that describes the planned activities of the Program for the next two years. This document has been made available for public review and an open meeting was held on November 17 in Washington, D.C. to receive comments on it. The Plan will be revised following consideration of these comments and published in January 1989. 相似文献
436.
Hela Louati Olfa Ben Said Amel Soltani Patrice Got Ezzeddine Mahmoudi Cristiana Cravo-Laureau Robert Duran Patricia Aissa Olivier Pringault 《Chemosphere》2013
Biological interactions between metazoans and the microbial community play a major role in structuring food webs in aquatic sediments. Pollutants can also strongly affect the structure of meiofauna and microbial communities. This study aims investigating, in a non-contaminated sediment, the impact of meiofauna on bacteria facing contamination by a mixture of three PAHs (fluoranthene, phenanthrene and pyrene). Sediment microcosms were incubated in the presence or absence of meiofauna during 30 days. Bioremediation treatments, nutrient amendment and addition of a hydrocarbon-degrading bacterium, were also tested to enhance PAH biodegradation. Results clearly show the important role of meiofauna as structuring factor for bacterial communities with significant changes observed in the molecular fingerprints. However, these structural changes were not concomitant with changes in biomass or function. PAH contamination had a severe impact on total meiofaunal abundance with a strong decrease of nematodes and the complete disappearance of polychaetes and copepods. In contrast, correspondence analysis, based on T-RFLP fingerprints, showed that contamination by PAH resulted in small shifts in microbial composition, with or without meiofauna, suggesting a relative tolerance of bacteria to the PAH cocktail. The PAH bioremediation treatments were highly efficient with more than 95% biodegradation. No significant difference was observed in presence or absence of meiofauna. Nutrient addition strongly enhanced bacterial and meiofaunal abundances as compared to control and contaminated microcosms, as well as inducing important changes in the bacterial community structure. Nutrients thus were the main structural factor in shaping bacterial community composition, while the role of meiofauna was less evident. 相似文献
437.
Correia Felipo Obed Almeida Tarcísio Silva Garcia Rui Lorenzo Queiroz Antônio Fernando S. Smichowski Patricia da Rocha Gisele Olímpio Araujo Rennan Geovanny O. 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2019,26(21):21416-21424
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - In this work, fast sequential determination and chemical speciation analysis of inorganic arsenic and antimony in airborne particulate matter... 相似文献
438.
James S. Quinn Glen E. Woolfenden John W. Fitzpatrick Bradley N. White 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》1999,45(1):1-10
Extensive behavioural and pedigree data on a colour-marked population of Florida scrub-jays (Aphelocoma coerulescens) suggested that this cooperatively breeding species is monogamous, with extremely rare exceptions in which males have two
mates. We used multi-locus DNA fingerprinting to test these observations by determining genetic parentage. Despite restricted
dispersal and high relatedness between behavioural parents and non-breeding members of the group, DNA fingerprints provided
sufficient variability to determine parentage unambiguously in almost all cases. We found no evidence of extra-pair fertilisation
of females or egg dumping, and confirmed a suspected case of polygyny in which a mother and daughter laid and incubated in
the same nest. Our results confirm that detailed behavioural data allow accurate assignment of genetic parentage in this species.
In Florida scrub-jays, large territory size may limit opportunities for cuckoldry, and persistent intense competition for
limited breeding space may lead to low variance in the quality of established male breeders. These factors would reduce both
the opportunity for, and benefits of engaging in extra-pair fertilisations. Delayed dispersal and cooperative breeding in
this species have not evolved as avenues for direct reproduction by unpaired individuals.
Received: 25 May 1998 / Accepted after revision: 26 June 1998 相似文献
439.
Gillis PL 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2011,159(6):1702-1708
Chloride concentrations in surface waters have increased significantly, a rise attributed to road salt use. In Canada, this may be a concern for endangered freshwater mussels, many with ranges limited to southern Ontario, Canada’s most road-dense region. The acute toxicity of NaCl was determined for glochidia, the mussel’s larval stage. The 24 h EC50s of four (including two Canadian endangered) species ranged from 113-1430 mg Cl L−1 (reconstituted water, 100 mg CaCO3 L−1). To determine how mussels would respond to a chloride pulse, natural river water (hardness 278-322 mg CaCO3 L−1) was augmented with salt. Lampsilis fasciola glochidia were significantly less sensitive to salt in natural water (EC50s 1265-1559 mg Cl L−1) than in reconstituted water (EC50 285 mg L−1). Chloride data from mussel habitats revealed chloride reaches levels acutely toxic to glochidia (1300 mg L−1). The increased salinization of freshwater could negatively impact freshwater mussels, including numerous species at risk. 相似文献
440.
Amorri J Geffroy-Rodier C Boufahja F Mahmoudi E Aïssa P Ksibi M Amblès A 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2011,18(9):1606-1616