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171.
Si-Yu Zhang Paul N. Williams Jinming Luo Yong-Guan Zhu 《Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering》2017,11(1):1
Arsenic (As) is a pervasive environmental toxin and carcinogenic metalloid. It ranks at the top of the US priority List of Hazardous Substances and causes worldwide human health problems. Wetlands, including natural and artificial ecosystems (i.e. paddy soils) are highly susceptible to As enrichment; acting not only as repositories for water but a host of other elemental/chemical moieties. While macroscale processes (physical and geological) supply As to wetlands, it is the micro-scale biogeochemistry that regulates the fluxes of As and other trace elements from the semi-terrestrial to neighboring plant/aquatic/atmospheric compartments. Among these fine-scale events, microbial mediated As biotransformations contribute most to the element’s changing forms, acting as the ‘switch’ in defining a wetland as either a source or sink of As. Much of our understanding of these important microbial catalyzed reactions follows relatively recent scientific discoveries. Here we document some of these key advances, with focuses on the implications that wetlands and their microbial mediated transformation pathways have on the global As cycle, the chemistries of microbial mediated As oxidation, reduction and methylation, and future research priorities areas. 相似文献
172.
Niels M. Schmidt Bess Hardwick Olivier Gilg Toke T. Høye Paul Henning Krogh Hans Meltofte Anders Michelsen Jesper B. Mosbacher Katrine Raundrup Jeroen Reneerkens Lærke Stewart Helena Wirta Tomas Roslin 《Ambio》2017,46(1):12-25
How species interact modulate their dynamics, their response to environmental change, and ultimately the functioning and stability of entire communities. Work conducted at Zackenberg, Northeast Greenland, has changed our view on how networks of arctic biotic interactions are structured, how they vary in time, and how they are changing with current environmental change: firstly, the high arctic interaction webs are much more complex than previously envisaged, and with a structure mainly dictated by its arthropod component. Secondly, the dynamics of species within these webs reflect changes in environmental conditions. Thirdly, biotic interactions within a trophic level may affect other trophic levels, in some cases ultimately affecting land–atmosphere feedbacks. Finally, differential responses to environmental change may decouple interacting species. These insights form Zackenberg emphasize that the combination of long-term, ecosystem-based monitoring, and targeted research projects offers the most fruitful basis for understanding and predicting the future of arctic ecosystems. 相似文献
173.
白肚燕,又名双色树燕,栖居于五大湖流域中27个双边共同关注区域(AOCs),从2010年到2014年对其进行了污染物暴露风险评估,以协助管理者和监管者评估五大湖AOCs的污染状况。本文比较了AOCs和附近非AOCs雏鸟体内污染物浓度的差异。AOCs白肚燕雏鸟尸体中多氯联苯(PCB)和多溴联苯醚的含量分别为30%和33%,低于非AOCs的平均浓度。AOCs白肚燕雏鸟胃含物中多环芳烃(PAH)浓度和血浆中全氟化合物浓度分别为67%和64%,也低于非AOCs的平均浓度。但是与已有生殖效应记载的高PCB污染区相比,有些AOCs雏鸟尸体内的PCBs浓度只是存在小幅升高。一些AOCs食物中PAHs的浓度足够高以致引起可测量的生理响应。在AOCs中,全氟化合物全氟辛烷磺酸在血浆中的最高浓度出现在Raisin河(密歇根州,美国;几何平均数330 ng/mL),但远低于预估毒性的参考值(1 700 ng/mL)。之前有研究报道雏鸟胃含物中PAH和PCB的浓度以及尸体中PCBs的含量与沉积物中污染物的含量显著相关,从而可加强白肚燕在评估沉积物污染生物有效性方面的应用。
精选自Thomas W. Custer, Christine M. Custer, Paul M. Dummer, Diana Goldberg, J. Christian Franson, Richard A. Erickson. Organic contamination in tree swallow (Tachycineta bicolor) nestlings at United States and binational Great Lakes areas of concern. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry: Volume 36, Issue 3, pages 735–748, July 2017.
DOI: 10.1002/etc.3598
详情请见http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/wol1/doi/10.1002/etc.3598/full 相似文献
174.
Benassi Laura Dalipi Rogerta Consigli Veronica Pasquali Michela Borgese Laura Depero Laura E. Clegg Francis Bingham Paul A. Bontempi Elza 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2017,24(17):14834-14846
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - This work supports, for the first time, the integrated management of waste materials arising from industrial processes (fly ash from municipal solid... 相似文献
175.
Oguma Andrew Y. Klerks Paul L. 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2017,24(23):19076-19085
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Pollution-induced community tolerance (PICT) has been used to demonstrate effects of sediment contamination on microbes and meiofauna. Our study... 相似文献
176.
Kizar Ahmed Sumon Most. Farzana Yesmin Paul J. Van den Brink Roel H. Bosma Edwin T. H. M. Peeters 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2013,48(7):549-559
AbstractThis study assessed the long-term toxicity of chlorpyrifos on survival and reproduction of Banded Gourami by using mortality, gonado-somatic index (GSI) and histopathological observations as endpoints. Adult fish were exposed to five different concentrations of chlorpyrifos (0, 15, 50, 150, 500?µg/L) in 15 PVC tanks for 15, 30, 45, 60 and 75?days. Results showed that all male and female fish died after 15?days of 500?µg/L chlorpyrifos exposure. No consistent significant effect was observed for both male and female GSI. Furthermore, results showed dose- and time-dependent histopathological alterations for both ovary and testes. The 60-d No Observed Effect Concentration (NOEC) for most histopathological alterations of Banded Gourami ovary and testes was 50?μg/L, while 60-d NOEC for mortality of both male and female fish was < 15?μg/L. The results show that the long-term exposure to chlorpyrifos not only affect the reproductive tissues of Banded Gourami at exposure concentrations but also cause their mortality. Future studies should evaluate effects at lower concentrations. 相似文献
177.
Paul M. White Jr. Thomas L. Potter 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2013,48(7):728-737
This work focused on the interactive effects of the fungicide chlorothalonil (2,3,4,6-tetrachloro-1,3-benzendicarbonitrile) and gypsum on the persistence of the soil-residual herbicide metolachlor (2-chloro-N-(6-ethyl-o-tolyl)-N-[(1RS)-2-methoxy-1-methylethyl]acetamide). Gypsum application was included due to its widespread use on peanut (Arachis hypogaea). Both agricultural grade gypsum and reagent CaSO4-2H2O were tested. A laboratory soil incubation was conducted to evaluate interactive effects. Results indicated 1.5X greater metolachlor half-life (DT50) in soil amended with chlorothalonil (37 d) as compared to control soil (25 d). The two gypsum sources alone increased metolachlor DT50 to about 32 d and with the combination of chlorothalonil and gypsum, DT50 was 50 d, 2-fold greater than the control. Chlorothalonil dissipation was rapid (DT50 < 4d). A possible explanation for metolachlor dissipation kinetics is a build-up of the chlorothalonil intermediate (4-hydroxychlorothalonil) which limited soil microbial activity and depleted glutathione S-transferase (GST) from chlorothalonil detoxification. Further information related to gypsum impacts is needed. Results confirm previous reports of chlorothalonil impeding metolachlor dissipation and showed the gypsum application extended persistence even longer. Farming practices, such as reducing metolachlor application rates, may need to be adjusted for peanut cropping systems where chlorothalonil and gypsum are used. 相似文献
178.
Paul B. Thompson 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2012,25(4):553-562
Critics of The Agrarian Vision: Sustainability and Environmental Ethics (Lexington: 2010, University Press of Kentucky) have difficulties with its commitment to agrarian philosophy, and have also suggested that the program described there needs more elaboration of how sustainability might be pursued, especially in its social dimensions. The book draws upon agrarian philosophy to argue that habit and material practice are an appropriate and vital focus of ethics. Attention to habit and material practice will counterbalance an overemphasis on intentions and outcomes in contemporary environmental philosophy. It is in this sense that agrarianism contributes to an ethic of sustainability by showing how contemporary food practices—the culture of the table—might contribute to an enabling sense of community solidarity. The book does not advocate a return to once vibrant agrarian traditions. 相似文献
179.
Estimating the Cumulative Ecological Effect of Local Scale Landscape Changes in South Florida 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Hogan DM Labiosa W Pearlstine L Hallac D Strong D Hearn P Bernknopf R 《Environmental management》2012,49(2):502-515
Ecosystem restoration in south Florida is a state and national priority centered on the Everglades wetlands. However, urban
development pressures affect the restoration potential and remaining habitat functions of the natural undeveloped areas. Land
use (LU) planning often focuses at the local level, but a better understanding of the cumulative effects of small projects
at the landscape level is needed to support ecosystem restoration and preservation. The South Florida Ecosystem Portfolio
Model (SFL EPM) is a regional LU planning tool developed to help stakeholders visualize LU scenario evaluation and improve
communication about regional effects of LU decisions. One component of the SFL EPM is ecological value (EV), which is evaluated
through modeled ecological criteria related to ecosystem services using metrics for (1) biodiversity potential, (2) threatened
and endangered species, (3) rare and unique habitats, (4) landscape pattern and fragmentation, (5) water quality buffer potential,
and (6) ecological restoration potential. In this article, we demonstrate the calculation of EV using two case studies: (1)
assessing altered EV in the Biscayne Gateway area by comparing 2004 LU to potential LU in 2025 and 2050, and (2) the cumulative
impact of adding limestone mines south of Miami. Our analyses spatially convey changing regional EV resulting from conversion
of local natural and agricultural areas to urban, industrial, or extractive use. Different simulated local LU scenarios may
result in different alterations in calculated regional EV. These case studies demonstrate methods that may facilitate evaluation
of potential future LU patterns and incorporate EV into decision making. 相似文献
180.
Predicted increases in coral disease outbreaks associated with climate change have implications for coral reef ecosystems
and the people and industries that depend on them. It is critical that coral reef managers understand these implications and
have the ability to assess and reduce risk, detect and contain outbreaks, and monitor and minimise impacts. Here, we present
a coral disease response framework that has four core components: (1) an early warning system, (2) a tiered impact assessment
program, (3) scaled management actions and (4) a communication plan. The early warning system combines predictive tools that
monitor the risk of outbreaks of temperature-dependent coral diseases with in situ observations provided by a network of observers
who regularly report on coral health and reef state. Verified reports of an increase in disease prevalence trigger a tiered
response of more detailed impact assessment, targeted research and/or management actions. The response is scaled to the risk
posed by the outbreak, which is a function of the severity and spatial extent of the impacts. We review potential management
actions to mitigate coral disease impacts and facilitate recovery, considering emerging strategies unique to coral disease
and more established strategies to support reef resilience. We also describe approaches to communicating about coral disease
outbreaks that will address common misperceptions and raise awareness of the coral disease threat. By adopting this framework,
managers and researchers can establish a community of practice and can develop response plans for the management of coral
disease outbreaks based on local needs. The collaborations between managers and researchers we suggest will enable adaptive
management of disease impacts following evaluating the cost-effectiveness of emerging response actions and incrementally improving
our understanding of outbreak causation. 相似文献