Minimisation is the top priority of the waste management hierarchy, which is one of the guiding principals for national solid waste management planning throughout the developed world. As such it should be encouraged as a means for reducing wastes which require treatment and disposal, whether they be household, commercial or industrial in source. This paper suggests that minimisation is not being given the necessary policy frameworks or legislation within which to develop in the UK, and questions whether minimisation is being afforded the respect and attention, from all levels, that is due the most preferable waste option according to the hierarchy. This theme is investigated by surveying the county councils of England as a representative sample of waste disposal authorities in England, and former waste regulation authorities. They are responsible for guiding local and district waste policy and are the regional waste planners in the UK. If they are not seriously taking on board the message of minimisation, then there is little chance that it will succeed without further legislative developments. Some 59% of English counties have a minimisation policy, whilst only 47% have participated in and supported a minimisation programme or trial within their region. The majority of these developments have occurred within the last three years, and 78% of counties who have participated in a programme have found it a successful venture. By 1999 79% of English counties will have been actively involved in a minimisation programme in their region, which is a positive scenario. This trend must continue if waste minimisation is to become the key theme of future sustainable waste management in the UK as was intended by declarations at the Rio '92 conference and in subsequent UK Government policy and strategy. 相似文献
Space shuttle launches produce localized hydrochloric acid deposition. The interaction of solid rocket motor exhaust and deluge
water released on the pad at the time of launch results in the formation of an exhaust cloud. The spatial pattern and extent
of deposition from the launch cloud are predicted by the rocket exhaust effluent diffusion (REED) model. The actual pattern
of deposition has been mapped by field surveys for each shuttle launch since 1981. In this paper we use a geographical information
system (GIS) to compare model predictions with ground patterns for 49 shuttle launches. We also compile cumulative maps of
deposition patterns needed to consider long-term impacts. The direction of launch cloud movement did not differ significantly
from model predictions. The REED model overpredicted both the area that received deposition and the maximum distance from
the launch pad that deposition occurred. Severe vegetation damage was restricted to near-field deposition areas within 1980
m north of each launch pad. Total area impacted from launches has been 87.0 ha around pad 39A and 52.9 ha around pad 39B.
Far-field deposition has caused leaf spotting from acid droplets or aluminum oxide over a wider and more variable area than
near-field. A total of 19,397 ha has received deposition, but 63.6% of this area has received deposition only one time and
92.2% not more than three times. GIS techniques provide means to test spatial models and compile information useful for assessing
cumulative impacts. 相似文献
ABSTRACT: The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) Model State Water Code provides suggested statutory language and commentary helpful in guiding western water law reform. Departing from the past preference for stream diversions and consumptive uses, the code is sensitive to the public's interest in maintaining environmental quality. The traditional doctrine protected inefficient uses and in some states hampered transfers. The model code addresses these issues as well as advocating integrated manage. meat and water resource planning. The debate on how to reform water law has already started, and the model code provides material useful in the reform process. Even with the current draft code, a few gaps exist for later resolution. 相似文献
ABSTRACT: Transboundary water conflicts occur under four circumstances. Because water is mobile, more than one political unit or owner has power to use water as it sequentially moves through the hydrologic cycle. Even when water doesn't move, jurisdictional conflicts occur because multiple political units regulate water simultaneously. When a river is a boundar uncertainty of ownership or jurisdiction occurs as the river shifts its course through natural processes. Lastly, limitations on who may use water may be imposed by export bans or more indirect measures like taxation. Legal solutions to transboundary conflicts are limited to litigation, legislation, and negotiated agreements. This paper examines the judicial solution. 相似文献
Drug screening and employee assistance programs (EAPs) are human resource management practices for addressing substance abuse among employees. The two practices reflect different human resource management strategies and lead to different outcomes for employees and applicants. Drug screening is designed to exclude drug users from the workplace whereas EAPs offer them ‘rehabilitation’. Characteristics of worksites and their surrounding labor market may influence the presence or absence of these personnel practices. The results suggest that, when controlling for number of employees, economic sector, industry, and union presence, worksites with low turnover and in areas with high unemployment rates are more likely to engage in pre-employment drug screening, while worksites with low turnover more often provide an EAP. 相似文献
The economic inputs and outputs for the Possum Point Biological Station in Belize during 1990–1992 are described to illustrate
some aspects of an ecotourism operation. Eight hundred fifty-four people in 59 groups visited Possum Point during the study
period to tour rain forests, estuaries, and coral reefs. The economic input to Possum Point from these groups increased from
$74,552 in 1990 to $166,268 in 1992. Outputs were for license fees, capital improvements, goods and services, labor, fossil
fuels, and development of a historic sugar mill site. An annual donation was also made to a scholarship fund for local Belizean
students. The net cash balance of income and outputs changed from negative (−$6678) in 1990 to positive (+$4811) in 1992,
suggesting development of the economic operation. Possum Point meets the economic criteria for ecotourism by feeding back
some tourist monies for community and environmental support, particularly donations for the sugar mill site and the scholarship
fund. Most of the outputs from Possum Point (about 80%) were retained in the local economy through employment and purchases,
which have a positive influence on the local community. We conclude that ecotourism operations, such as Possum Point, offer
important sustainable development opportunities for Belize. 相似文献
ABSTRACT: Two sampling strategies designed to test for compliance with water quality objectives are examined. For objectives based on long-term mean requirements, fixed frequency sampling at frequent intervals is most advantageous regardless of the underlying distribution of the data. For objectives that are based on maximum allowable concentrations, effective sampling strategies increase the likelihood of detecting noncompliance. If data are highly autocorrelated or sharply seasonal in distribution, an exceedance-driven sampling strategy is more effective and efficient for detecting violations than fixed frequency sampling. However, data generated by exceedance-driven sampling provide biased estimates of mean and standard deviation. 相似文献
ABSTRACT: Streamside red alder (Alnus rubra Bong.) stands are common in western Oregon, and they have been suspected of causing water quality problems in domestic supplies during autumn leaf fall. Studies in the Seaside municipal watershed showed potential water quality effects (particularly increased color) from alder leaves, but stream sampling during 1981–82 revealed no chronic problems. The few observed short-term increases in water color occurred near the onset of storm flows, which suggested a flushing of organic matter storage sites. An extended period of unusually low flows and high leaf fall are probably necessary to produce significant water quality problems in this stream system. Laboratory leaching of alder leaves in filtered stream water indicated a fairly constant release of colored organic matter over time, and running water leached this matter more efficiently than still water. Water color increased linearly with increasing leaf mass added to still water, and for a given leaf mass there appeared to be a limit to the amount of colored matter that could be removed in the first 48 hours of leaching. Other laboratory tests showed that ultraviolet absorbance (254 mm) may provide a reasonable estimate of dissolved organic carbon concentrations in systems dominated by alder leaf inputs. 相似文献