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81.
Adaptive host choice and avoidance of superparasitism in the spawning decisions of bitterling (Rhodeus sericeus) 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
C. Smith John D. Reynolds William J. Sutherland Pavel Jurajda 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2000,48(1):29-35
Choice of a site for oviposition can have fitness consequences. We investigated the consequences of female oviposition decisions
for offspring survival using the bitterling, Rhodeus sericeus, a freshwater fish that spawns inside living unionid mussels. A field survey of nine bitterling populations in the Czech
Republic revealed a significantly lower rate of release of juvenile bitterling from Anodonta cygnea compared to three other mussel species. A field experiment demonstrated that female bitterling show highly significant preferences
for spawning in A. anatina, Unio pictorum, and U. tumidus. Within a species, female bitterling avoided mussels containing high numbers of bitterling embryos. Mortality rates of bitterling
embryos in mussels were strongly density dependent and the strength of density dependence varied significantly among mussel
species. Female preferences for mussels matched survival rates of embryos within mussels and females distributed their eggs
among mussels such that embryo mortalities conformed to the predictions of an ideal free distribution model. Thus, female
oviposition choice is adaptive and minimizes individual embryo mortality.
Received: 6 October 1999 / Received in revised form: 7 January 2000 / Accepted: 13 March 2000 相似文献
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84.
Pavlousek P 《Journal of environmental biology / Academy of Environmental Biology, India》2011,32(5):543-549
The drought tolerance is a very important property of grapevine rootstocks. For that reason the breeding and selection of new rootstock varieties is focused also on the evaluation of their drought tolerance. In this experiment, altogether 20 new hybrids and 4 existing rootstock varieties were compared and evaluated. The experimental scheme involved 3 variants of water supply. Evaluated were the following properties: growth intensity of annual shoots, CCI (chlorophyll content index) and visual characteristics of plants. The most resistant were hybrids from the pedigree groups C (Binova x B?rner), D /Binova x/(Binova x Teleki 5C/) x B?rner/, and F (Teleki5 Cx B?rner). The following hybrids were classified as drought-tolerant: 17-1-6 (C); 17-1-9 (C); 17-6-2 (C); 17-6-9 (C); 17-8-2 (D) and 9-20-1 (F). Based on obtained experimental results and also on correlations existing between individual traits it can be concluded that practically all traits under study may be used when evaluating the resistance of plants to drought. The obtained results indicated that the B?rner rootstock (and thus also the species Vitis cinerea) can be used as a suitable genetic resource for the purpose of the breeding grapevine rootstocks for tolerance to drought. 相似文献
85.
Topka Pavel Jirátová Květuše Dvořáková Michaela Balabánová Jana Koštejn Martin Kovanda František 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2022,29(4):5172-5183
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - The aim of this work was to develop a novel method for the preparation of structured Co–Mn mixed oxide catalysts: deposition on stainless steel... 相似文献
86.
It is believed that diversity of plant communities has a positive effect on their productivity. The benefits of diversity are described by “biodiversity indices”, comparing yield of mixtures with yields of monocultures of constituent species. These indices are supposed to capture also the main mechanisms leading to increased yield. We have constructed a spatially explicit individual based model, simulating even-aged stand development, and compared the behaviour of selected biodiversity indices (overyielding, selectivity and complementarity) with expectations based on life history traits of constituent species. The results are based on comparisons of two species mixtures with corresponding monocultures. We designed three scenarios of changes in the two species life history differentiation, and compared the behaviour of the indices with expectation based on it. In the first scenario, selectivity was driven by increasing size inequality of the two species, mostly in accordance with expectations. The second scenario presents increasing shade tolerance of the smaller species that increased complementarity, again mostly as expected. In the last scenario, shortening of length of stress tolerance of the weaker species surprisingly increased values of the biodiversity indices. For each setting, we varied sowing density and spatial pattern of the constituent species. The behaviour of the indices was influenced by both factors, but the effect of density was more pronounced. In particular, at high sowing densities, the most important interactions happened in the very early stages of mixture development, and the behaviour of the indices was often counter-intuitive. 相似文献
87.
Mikes O Cupr P Trapp S Klanova J 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2009,157(2):488-496
Uptake of organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls from soil and air into radishes was measured at a heavily contaminated field site. The highest contaminant concentrations were found for DDT and its metabolites, and for β-hexachlorocyclohexane. Bioconcentration factor (BCF, defined as a ratio between the contaminant concentration in the plant tissue and concentration in soil) was determined for roots, edible bulbs and shoots. Root BCF values were constant and not correlated to log KOW. A negative correlation between BCF and log KOW was found for edible bulbs. Shoot BCF values were rather constant and varied between 0.01 and 0.22. Resuspended soil particles may facilitate the transport of chemicals from soil to shoots. Elevated POP concentrations found in shoots of radishes grown in the control plot support the hypothesis that the uptake from air was more significant for shoots than the one from soil. The uptake of POPs from air was within the range of theoretical values predicted from log KOA. 相似文献
88.
Selective olfactory attention of a specialised predator to intraspecific chemical signals of its prey 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Prey-specialised predators have evolved specific cognitive adaptations that increase their prey searching efficiency. In particular, when the prey is social, selection probably favours the use of prey intraspecific chemical signals by predatory arthropods. Using a specialised ant-eating zodariid spider, Zodarion rubidum, which is known to prey on several ant species and possesses capture and venom adaptations more effective on Formicinae ants, we tested its ability to recognise chemical cues produced by several ant species. Using an olfactometer, we tested the response of Z. rubidum towards air with chemical cues from six different ant species: Camponotus ligniperda, Lasius platythorax and Formica rufibarbis (all Formicinae); and Messor structor, Myrmica scabrinodis and Tetramorium caespitum (all Myrmicinae). Z. rubidum was attracted to air carrying chemical cues only from F. rufibarbis and L. platythorax. Then, we identified that the spiders were attracted to airborne cues coming from the F. rufibarbis gaster and Dufour's gland, in particular. Finally, we found that among several synthetic blends, the decyl acetate and undecane mixture produced significant attraction of spiders. These chemicals are produced only by three Formicine genera. Furthermore, we investigated the role of these chemical cues in the communication of F. rufibarbis and found that this blend reduces their movement. This study demonstrates the chemical cognitive capacity of Z. rubidum to locate its ant prey using chemical signals produced by the ants. The innate capacity of Z. rubidum to olfactory detect different ant species is narrow, as it includes only two ant genera, confirming trophic specialisation at lower than subfamily level. The olfactory cue detected by Zodarion spiders is probably a component of the recruitment or trail pheromone. 相似文献
89.
Pavel Tlustoš Michal Hejcman Martin Hůlka Michaela Patáková Eva Kunzová Jiřina Száková 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2016,23(23):23561-23572
Crop rotation long-term field experiments were established in 1955 and 1956 at three locations in the Czech Republic (?áslav, Ivanovice, and Lukavec) differing in their climatic and soil physicochemical properties. The effect of long-term application of farmyard manure and farmyard manure + NPK treatments on plant-available, easily mobilizable, potentially mobilizable, and pseudo-total contents of arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn) contents in soils (in 2013) as well as the uptake of these elements by winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grain and straw were analyzed in the two following seasons: 2012 and 2013. The treatments resulted in increasing the soil pH level when compared to the control, but the cation exchange capacity remained unchanged. Although all fertilizers were applied for six decades, the pseudo-total concentration elements in both the soil and wheat plants stayed far below those of the Czech and European threshold limits for agricultural soils and cereals for human nutrition and feedstuff. Although the mobile pools of As, Cu, and Zn were slightly changed at the treated soils, these changes were not related to the element uptake by the wheat plants. Moreover, the effect of the location and growing season was more decisive for the differences in soil and plant element contents than for the individual treatments. Thus, the long-term application of farmyard manure did not result in any substantial change in risk element contents in both soils and winter wheat plants. 相似文献
90.
Zapletal M Cudlín P Chroust P Urban O Pokorný R Edwards-Jonášová M Czerný R Janouš D Taufarová K Večeřa Z Mikuška P Paoletti E 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2011,159(5):1024-1034
Daily ozone deposition flux to a Norway spruce forest in Czech Republic was measured using the gradient method in July and August 2008. Results were in good agreement with a deposition flux model. The mean daily stomatal uptake of ozone was around 47% of total deposition. Average deposition velocity was 0.39 cm s−1 and 0.36 cm s−1 by the gradient method and the deposition model, respectively. Measured and modelled non-stomatal uptake was around 0.2 cm s−1. In addition, net ecosystem production (NEP) was measured by using Eddy Covariance and correlations with O3 concentrations at 15 m a.g.l., total deposition and stomatal uptake were tested. Total deposition and stomatal uptake of ozone significantly decreased NEP, especially by high intensities of solar radiation. 相似文献