A schematic sampling protocol for contaminant monitoring in raptors

Birds of prey, owls and falcons are widely used as sentinel species in raptor biomonitoring programmes. A major current challenge is to facilitate large-scale biomonitoring by coordinating contaminant monitoring activities and by building capacity across countries. This requires sharing, dissemination and adoption of best practices addressed by the Networking Programme Research and Monitoring for and with Raptors in Europe (EURAPMON) and now being advanced by the ongoing international COST Action European Raptor Biomonitoring Facility. The present perspective introduces a schematic sampling protocol for contaminant monitoring in raptors. We provide guidance on sample collection with a view to increasing sampling capacity across countries, ensuring appropriate quality of samples and facilitating harmonization of procedures to maximize the reliability, comparability and interoperability of data. The here presented protocol can be used by professionals and volunteers as a standard guide to ensure harmonised sampling methods for contaminant monitoring in raptors.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1007/s13280-020-01341-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

纳米铁为脱氯菌供电降解三氯乙烯实验研究

采用一种从氯乙烯污染场址土壤中提取的脱氯菌种(Dehalococcoides spp.)进行三氯乙烯(TCE)降解实验,研究纳米铁厌氧腐蚀产氢为该脱氯菌种提供电子的可能性.结果表明,在甲醇做电子供体时,稀释25倍的菌液［（2.0±0.44）×105　cell/mL)］可以在96　h内将20 mg/L TCE完全降解,并在190　h时有2.706　μmol乙烯产生.而在无甲醇做电子供体时,96　h内只有部分TCE转化为顺二氯乙烯(cisDCE),且190　h时几乎无乙烯产生（0.159　μmol）,因此无电子供体时菌液脱氯活动不能维持.但在4　g/L纳米铁腐蚀产氢的情况下,脱氯菌可以利用纳米铁产生的阴极氢维持脱氯活动,在131　h内将20 mg/L TCE完全降解,并且其耦合的脱氯速率高于纳米铁单独降解时的速率.从乙烯的产量分析中可以看出,纳米铁供电时190　h后由脱氯菌产生的乙烯量为1.187　μmol,明显低于甲醇做电子供体时乙烯的产量2.706　μmol,表明纳米铁可能对微生物存在一定的毒性效应.同时反应190　h后乙炔的产量为0.109　μmol,相对低于与纳米铁单独降解TCE时的产量0.161　μmol,说明微生物在无电子供体的情况下,竞争利用了纳米铁与水反应产生的电子导致乙炔的生成量降低.上述结果表明,4　g/L的纳米铁与水反应生成的活性氢可以为脱氯菌提供电子,并维持其脱氯活动,这对纳米铁和脱氯菌耦合应用于地下水的有机氯修复具有重要的实际意义.