Effects of prenatal caffeine exposure on glucose homeostasis of adult offspring rats

Epidemiological evidences show that prenatal caffeine exposure (PCE) could induce intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR). The IUGR offspring also present glucose intolerance and type 2 diabetes mellitus after maturity. We have previously demonstrated that PCE induced IUGR and increased susceptibility to adult metabolic syndrome in rats. This study aimed to further investigate the effects of PCE on glucose homeostasis in adult offspring rats. Pregnant rats were administered caffeine (120 mg/kg/day, intragastrically) from gestational days 11 to 20. PCE offspring presented partial catch-up growth pattern after birth, characterizing by the increased body weight gain rates. Meanwhile, PCE had no significant influences on the basal blood glucose and insulin phenotypes of adult offspring but increased the glucose tolerance, glucose-stimulated insulin section and β cell sensitivity to glucose in female progeny. The insulin sensitivity of both male and female PCE offspring were enhanced accompanied with reduced β cell fraction and mass. Western blotting results revealed that significant augmentation in protein expression of hepatic insulin signaling elements of PCE females, including insulin receptor (INSR), insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1) and the phosphorylation of serine–threonine protein kinase (Akt), was also potentiated. In conclusion, we demonstrated that PCE reduced the pancreatic β mass but increased the glucose tolerance in adult offspring rats, especially for females. The adaptive compensatory enhancement of β cell responsiveness to glucose and elevated insulin sensitivity mainly mediated by upregulated hepatic insulin signaling might coordinately contribute to the increased glucose tolerance.     

新导则下天然气输气管道项目大气环境影响评价

文章按照HJ 2.2—2018《环境影响评价技术导则大气环境》要求,以某天然气输气管道项目为实例,对大气环境影响评价工作进行了梳理。首先利用AERSCREEN模型估算出各主要污染物的最大浓度占标率P_max,并以此判定评价等级和评价范围;其次进行环境质量现状调查、污染源调查及污染物排放量核算;最后提出环境监测计划。     

Anaerobic digestion of sludge by different pretreatments: Changes of amino acids and microbial community

•Tryptophan protein, and aromatic protein I/II were the key identified proteins. •Cysteine was more correlated with methane production than other amino acids. •The presence of cysteine can promote methane production and degradation of VFAs. •The presence of cysteine can lower ORP and increase biomass activity. •Predominant Tissierella and Proteiniphilum were noted in pretreated sludge samples. Many studies have investigated the effects of different pretreatments on the performance of anaerobic digestion of sludge. However, the detailed changes of dissolved organic nitrogen, particularly the release behavior of proteins and the byproducts of protein hydrolysis-amino acids, are rarely known during anaerobic digestion of sludge by different pretreatments. Here we quantified the changes of three types of proteins and 17 types of amino acids in sludge samples solubilized by ultrasonic, thermal, and acid/alkaline pretreatments and their transformation during anaerobic digestion of sludge. Tryptophan protein, aromatic protein I, aromatic protein II, and cysteine were identified as the key dissolved organic nitrogen responsible for methane production during anaerobic digestion of sludge, regardless of the different pretreatment methods. Different from the depletion of other amino acids, cysteine was resistant to degradation after an incubation period of 30 days in all sludge samples. Meanwhile, the “cysteine and methionine metabolism (K00270)” was absent in all sludge samples by identifying 6755 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes assignments of genes hits. Cysteine contributed to the generation of methane and the degradation of acetic, propionic, and n-butyric acids through decreasing oxidation-reduction potential and enhancing biomass activity. This study provided an alternative strategy to enhance anaerobic digestion of sludge through in situ production of cysteine.     

基于碳减排目标与排放标准约束情景的火电大气污染物减排潜力

从我国"十四五"及2035年远景目标经济发展预测出发,结合碳减排战略目标下的既有与强化政策情景,基于弹性系数法预测电力需求,测算在不同污染物排放标准约束情景下火电大气污染物排放情况及减排潜力,结果表明,在不同的政策和排放标准约束情景下,我国火电行业烟尘、SO2和NOx排放水平变化呈现出不同的趋势,到2035年,在2016年水平上的减排潜力分别在45.97％～85.37％、52.61％～84.90％和33.80％～71.08％之间,来自碳减排目标下政策因素带来的减排潜力,较不同污染物排放标准约束条件带来的减排潜力更为明显,在强化政策情景下,采取保持模式标准约束的污染物减排潜力已与超低模式基本相当,甚至超过或接近既有政策下采取收严模式标准约束的效果,通过强化实施能源和电力优化政策,加快实现火电发电量达峰,合理引导高污染排放水平火电机组优先退出生产,同样可使火电大气污染物排放得到有效控制,还可避免环保改造投资的浪费和损失.     

低碳试点政策是否提高了城市碳排放效率——基于低碳试点城市的准自然实验研究

作为推动我国低碳经济发展的重要政策,低碳试点城市建设成效在当今我国面临碳减排及经济下行双重压力的情况下显得尤为重要。基于2006—2018年间的279个地级市样本数据,运用超效率SBM模型核算了城市碳排放效率,并通过双重差分模型实证检验了低碳试点政策对城市碳排放效率的影响。研究表明：低碳试点政策能够显著提高城市碳排放效率,这一结论在经过PSM-DID等一系列稳健性检验后仍然成立。异质性分析发现,低碳试点政策对碳排放效率的影响在东西部及非资源型地区更显著。机制分析则表明,低碳试点政策的政策效应主要通过提高城市技术创新水平和调整城市能源结构来发挥作用。区分东中西地区的作用机制检验结果表明,东部地区的试点政策主要通过调整能源结构及产业结构合理化来影响碳排放效率,西部地区和中部地区则分别主要通过技术创新和产业结构合理化发挥作用。本文为加强低碳试点城市建设、实现碳减排与经济发展双赢提供了有益的经验启示。     

铜锰基整体式催化剂对烧结烟气CO净化特性

基于改性铜锰氧化物作为CO催化活性组分,分别制备了催化剂原粉、以泡沫金属、堇青石为载体的两种整体式催化剂,在实验室配气条件下对比了3种样品的CO催化效率及稳定性,优选了堇青石整体式催化剂,并在某钢厂实际烧结烟气条件下测试了其在不同催化剂负载量、空速、温度下的CO催化效率、稳定性以及衰减后样品催化特性;最后批量制备了2m³优选整体式催化剂并开展了6000m³/h烧结烟气CO净化中试实验.结果表明,烟气高浓水蒸气显著抑制CO催化反应,经240h催化后T₉₀最大提升38℃;催化剂负载量越高,T₉₀越低,催化效率衰减时间越短,稳定后的效率越高,但随着空速增加,该优势减小;1440h(2个月)中试实验中,进气温度185~195℃下,CO催化效率大于85%(平均90%),出口CO浓度低于1000×10^-6,出口平均烟温达220℃,具有节能减排双重效益.     

恐怖事件中恐怖分子常用化学武器的分类

为了作好"反恐怖"工作,必须了解和掌握恐怖分子采用的武器性能,文章简要介绍了恐怖分子所使用的四种化学武器的性能、毒性、毒物的初步识别等方法.     

基于理化特性的车用燃料着火危险性评价

为了研究在实际使用过程中汽车燃料存在的着火危险性,从燃料理化特性出发,系统分析了各种评价车用燃料着火危险性的参数.采用德尔菲法建立了评价燃料着火危险性的数学模型.研究结果表明:着火的基础是混合气的浓度在着火界限之内,而达到着火界限的难易程度取决于燃料的危险度日值、燃料的蒸发性和燃料的聚集性.当燃料达到着火界限后有自燃和点燃两种着火方式,点燃着火危险性具有实际意义.引入点燃着火危险因子的概念来评价燃料点燃着火危险性.常用燃料的着火危险性由大到小为:氢气、汽油、LJ)G、二甲醚、天然气和柴油.这证明该模型可以用来评价燃料点燃着火危险性. 燃料存在的着火危险性,从燃料理化特性出发,系统分析了各种评价车用燃料着火危险性的参数.采用德尔菲法建立了评价燃料着火危险性的数学模型.研究结果表明:着火的基础是混合气的浓度在着火界限之内,而达到着火界限的难易程度取决于燃料的危险度日值、燃料的蒸发性和燃料的聚集性.当燃料达到着火界限后有自燃和点燃两种着火方式,点燃着火危险性具有实际意义.引入点燃着火危险因子的概念来评价燃料点燃着火危险性.常用燃料的着火危险性由大到小为:氢气、汽油、LPG、二甲醚、天然气和柴油.这证明该模型可以用 评价燃料点燃着火     

上海都市农业村域地表水非点源氮素的时空分异特征

为研究平原地区都市农业区域地表水非点源氮素的时空分异特征,揭示非点源氮污染对地表水环境的影响,连续监测了上海南汇新场镇果园村地表水中总氮和无机"三氮"(硝态氮、铵态氮和亚硝态氮)的含量.结果表明:①水文期和土地利用类型共同影响地表水中氮素的空间分布.受果园影响的地表水中硝态氮(NN)浓度较高,铵态氮(AN)浓度较低,各监测点氮素浓度在多雨期差异较大,在少雨期差异较小;受居民区和工厂影响的地表水中NN和AN浓度相差不大,各监测点氮素浓度在多雨期和少雨期差异都较大.②冬、夏季风风向可能影响果园村地表水中氮素的空间分布.③春雨期总氮(TN)、NN和AN的空间变异大,梅雨期和冬季少雨期略大于秋雨期和盛夏少雨期;亚硝态氮(SNN)与之相反.④5月溶解性有机氮(DON)是果园区地表水中氮素的主要存在形式,占TN的质量分数达到76.1%;其它季节则以溶解性无机氮(DIN)为主,占TN的质量分数平均达到83.2%.⑤果园区NN的季节变异比居民区大,居民区AN和TN的季节变异比果园区大.     

鞍山市地震应急避难场所建设现状调查与分析

本文介绍了地震应急避难场所的规划原则,鞍山城市紧急避难场所建设现状。分析了鞍山市目前地震应急避难场所规划建设的情况,避难场所的配套设施及疏散通道,并且对加强长期应急避难场所的规划与建设提出建议。本文对提高城市综合防灾减灾能力有一定的参考意义。