酸性土壤中Cd2+的吸附与运移特性

采用平衡吸附和室内土柱淋溶实验研究Cd2 在酸性土壤中的吸附和运移规律.结果表明:红壤和砖红壤中Cd2 的吸附,在其低浓度范围内符合线性等温方程,Cd2 在砖红壤上的分配系数是红壤上的8倍,能较好地用一级动力学方程的两点和一点模型拟合Cd2 的吸附.红壤快反应的比例约为50%-60%,砖红壤快反应的比例约为90%-95%.采用两点位非平衡模型,红壤β值范围为0.50-0.70,f值的范围是0.40-0.60,仅有40%-60%的吸附点位是瞬间完成,还有一部分吸附点位受速率限制,用非平衡两点模型比用平衡模型能更好地描述Cd2 的运移规律;而砖红壤β值在0.93-0.99,f＞0.92,有大于 90%的吸附点位是瞬间完成,不到10%受速率限制,很容易达到局部平衡,运用平衡模型可能更适合,这与动力学方程的结果基本一致.     

滦河口近岸海域浮游植物群落结构

1999-2000年对滦河口近岸海域浮游植物群落结构进行了春、夏、秋、冬4个航次调查,描述了浮游植物的种类组成、细胞数量、生物多样性指数、均匀度指数等群落特征,分析了浮游植物群落的季节变化及平面分布趋势。结果显示：4个航次共检测出浮游植物70种,以硅藻为主;不同季节优势种有交叉演替现象;浮游植物细胞数量季节变化显著;浮游植物平面分布特征表现为春、夏、秋呈明显的斑块状分布,冬季浮游植物分布呈近岸水域高、远岸水域低的特征;优势种明显,生物多样性指数(H’)及均匀度指数(J)偏低。     

淀粉废水处理方法综述

由于淀粉加工企业分布广且废水COD浓度高,淀粉废水处理方法的研究越来越受到重视。就目前国内外淀粉废水的各种处理方法和工艺进行综述,重点介绍了淀粉废水处理方面的最新研究成果,并介绍了废水资源化的一些途径。     

考虑区域特点和车型差异的氢燃料电池汽车全生命周期减碳预测分析

发展氢燃料电池汽车是我国实现“双碳”战略的重要路径之一,目前我国多个区域正在推广应用包括乘用车、客车以及重卡在内的氢燃料电池汽车,如何量化研究未来不同车型和不同区域的氢燃料电池汽车减碳潜力成为如今的研究热点之一.基于全生命周期的评价方法,考虑了未来的汽车燃油经济性、电力碳排放因子、氢能碳排放因子和氢燃料电池汽车推广规模及制氢方式的区域差异,量化评价了不同类型的氢燃料电池汽车（FCV）、传统燃油汽车（ICEV）和纯电动汽车（BEV）的全生命周期碳排放量（以CO₂当量计）,对比分析了氢燃料电池汽车在不同时间及不同区域的减碳潜力,并对百公里氢耗量进行了不确定性分析.结果发现,到2025年氢燃料电池客车的全生命周期碳排放比传统燃油客车降低36.0%,而氢燃料电池重卡相较于传统燃油重卡并没有减碳效益.随着未来我国氢能来源结构的不断优化,到2035年氢燃料电池重卡的全生命周期碳排放比传统燃油重卡降低36.5%,相较于乘用车和客车两种车型,其减碳效益是最明显的.以2035年京津冀示范群为例,随着百公里氢耗量降低20%,FCV乘用车、客车和重卡的减碳规模分别增加了7.29%、9.93%和19.57%.因此建议氢燃料电池汽车推广应短期以客车为主,长期以重卡为主,乘用车推广作为补充.分区域和分阶段推广氢燃料电池汽车更有助于推进我国汽车领域的低碳化进程.     

邢台氨减排对京津冀PM2.5改善的溢出效益

氨减排会对周边大气PM_2.5污染改善带来潜在的溢出效益,但尚缺乏对其规律的探究.利用WRF-CAMx-PSAT模型模拟量化了典型城市(邢台)NH₃减排对周边地区大气PM_2.5浓度降低的溢出效益,探究了其在不同季节与不同NH₃减排比例下、对PM_2.5及其二次无机化学组分随距离变化的响应规律.结果表明：(1)NH₃减排在不同减排比例下对周边城市的PM_2.5及其二次组分均存在溢出效益,其效益随周边受体城市与减排城市相对距离的增加呈显著的指数下降的趋势;(2)在1月的溢出效益远高于7月,1月在不同减排比例下京津冀PM_2.5浓度下降值约为7月的7.4倍;(3)各组分溢出范围随着减排比例的增加不断扩大,NH₄⁺和SO₄^2-的溢出最远距离呈指数趋势上升,NO₃^-的溢出最远距离呈线性趋势上升;(4)...     

基于遗传算法和GIS的县域水田种植制度空间布局优化

采用种植模式对县级尺度的作物进行空间配置,能够较好地解决作物空间布局中熟制比例不当、茬口不适宜等问题。种植制度空间布局优化的目的在于通过合理配置种植模式的空间位置,以充分利用并保护当地的自然资源和社会资源。其本质是一种具有自然、社会、耕作制度等多方面影响因素及空间特征的组合优化问题。传统的优化算法解决具有空间特征的组合优化问题效率很低,或者难以解决该类问题。遗传算法是一种新的智能优化算法,通过模拟自然进化过程,利用简单的编码技术和遗传操作高效地解决复杂的组合优化问题。提出了一种以GIS为平台,遗传算法为优化模型的县域种植制度空间布局优化方法。     

State-of-the-art applications of machine learning in the life cycle of solid waste management

● State-of-the-art applications of machine learning (ML) in solid waste (SW) is presented. ● Changes of research field over time, space, and hot topics were analyzed. ● Detailed application seniors of ML on the life cycle of SW were summarized. ● Perspectives towards future development of ML in the field of SW were discussed. Due to the superiority of machine learning (ML) data processing, it is widely used in research of solid waste (SW). This study analyzed the research and developmental progress of the applications of ML in the life cycle of SW. Statistical analyses were undertaken on the literature published between 1985 and 2021 in the Science Citation Index Expanded and Social Sciences Citation Index to provide an overview of the progress. Based on the articles considered, a rapid upward trend from 1985 to 2021 was found and international cooperatives were found to have strengthened. The three topics of ML, namely, SW categories, ML algorithms, and specific applications, as applied to the life cycle of SW were discussed. ML has been applied during the entire SW process, thereby affecting its life cycle. ML was used to predict the generation and characteristics of SW, optimize its collection and transportation, and model the processing of its energy utilization. Finally, the current challenges of applying ML to SW and future perspectives were discussed. The goal is to achieve high economic and environmental benefits and carbon reduction during the life cycle of SW. ML plays an important role in the modernization and intellectualization of SW management. It is hoped that this work would be helpful to provide a constructive overview towards the state-of-the-art development of SW disposal.     

人流感与禽流感

A型病毒：它是在野鸟以及家禽、猪、鲸、马和海豹体内发现的最危险和最普遍的病毒。     

水芹(Oenanthe javaica)浸出液对小球藻(Chlorella vulgaris)生长及超微结构的影响

采用在不同浓度水芹(Oenanthe javaica)浸出液中纯培养小球藻(Chlorella vulgaris)的方法,研究水芹浸出液对小球藻细胞数量、叶绿素含量和藻细胞超微结构的影响。结果显示,10 g.L-1水芹浸出液对小球藻的生长和叶绿素含量具有明显的促进作用;20 g.L-1水芹浸出液处理组藻细胞数量和叶绿素含量增加持续至第7天,但增幅低于对照组,7 d后抑制作用增强;高浓度(30～50 g.L-1)水芹浸出液对小球藻细胞数量和叶绿素含量的抑制作用在第5天开始变得显著,并随时间延长而加剧,具有浓度效应;经40 g.L-1水芹浸出液处理后,小球藻细胞壁断裂甚至消失,细胞中叶绿体片层肿胀甚至解体,核膜破裂,核质外渗。结果表明水芹浸出液对小球藻具有化感效应,总体呈现低浓度促进、高浓度抑制的规律。     

Characterization and performance of V2O5/CeO2 for NH3-SCR of NO at low temperatures

A series of CeO₂ supported V₂O₅ catalysts with various loadings were prepared with different calcination temperatures by the incipient impregnation. The catalysts were evaluated for low temperature selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NO with ammonia (NH₃). The effects of O₂ and SO₂ on catalytic activity were also studied. The catalysts were characterized by specific surface areas (S_BET) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) methods. The experimental results showed that NO conversion changed significantly with the different V₂O₅ loading and calcination temperature. With the V₂O₅ loading increasing from 0 to 10 wt%, NO conversion increased significantly, but decreased at higher loading. The optimum calcination temperature was 400°C. The best catalyst yielded above 80% NO conversion in the reaction temperature range of 160°C–300°C. The formation of CeVO₄ on the surface of catalysts caused the decrease of redox ability.