四川盾叶薯蓣种植概况及产业化发展对策

在对四川省盾叶薯蓣生产基地和薯蓣皂素生产企业实地考察的基础上,分析了四川省大力发展盾叶薯蓣生产、建立盾叶薯蓣规范化种植基地的优势,并针对目前生产中客观存在的问题,提出了加速盾叶薯蓣综合利用、立体开发的产业化发展对策.     

不同基质对马尾松容器苗及其菌根的影响

以10种培养基质，对马尾松进行容器育苗研究．结果表明：以竹叶为基本材料配制基质，比纯黄心主基质培育的马尾松百日苗，干物质重增加对2％；与蛭石基质相比，增加43.9％；与松树皮基质相比，增加25.0％以松针为基本材料配制的基质效果近似于竹叶．两者对苗木生长的影响，与各处理相比较，均达到了极显著水平．培养基质理化性质与苗木生物量相关的矩阵分析表明，容器基质的客重和孔隙度对苗木生长影响最大;基质内有效养分含量，特别是磷含量的多少很重要．竹叶和松针作为基质，表现了良好的理化性质，促进了马尾松苗木早期菌极化，百日苗面根感染率分别比黄心土基质的百日苗提高12.9％和17.0％同时加快了苗木生长．     

浸出毒性鉴别重金属分析中存在的问题

浸出毒性鉴别是判定危险废物的依据之一,在固体废物管理中具有极重要的意义。但实际浸出毒性鉴别分析工作尚属于起步阶段,还存在诸多问题和难点,需要从各方面加强固体废物浸出毒性鉴别技术方面的研究,不断完善鉴别能力,使浸出毒性鉴别结果更加准确可靠。     

论河北省高职教育发展的现状与未来

近年来,河北省的高职教育已经取得了很大的成果,然而有些院校仍然存在盲目设置专业、“双师型”教师短缺、缺乏对毕业生指导等不足。展望未来,河北高职教育应集团化,与企业密切加强合作,加大对第三产业高职人才的培养工作,同时高职院校应对周边群众提供教育与技术支持等工作。     

淮河流域土壤中全氟化合物的空间分布及组成特征

为了阐明淮河流域土壤中全氟化合物(PFCs)的暴露特征和潜在来源,2008年10月在淮河安徽段共采集了18个表层土壤样品,通过离子燃烧色谱(CIC)测定总氟(TF)和可提取有机氟(EOF),以及采用高效液相色谱/质谱联用(HPLC/MS-MS)分析了16种PFCs,其中11种PFCs有不同程度的检出.PFCs含量为n.d.～1.22 ng·g-1,其中全氟辛酸(PFOA)、全氟壬酸(PFNA)和全氟辛烷磺酸(PFOS)是主要的PFCs.在这些土壤样品中,PFCs含量相差不大,但组成不一,主要来源于周边小型化工厂的排放以及大气的干湿沉降.利用氟原子质量平衡原理,分析得出PFCs占EOF比例为0.3%,EOF占TF比例为0.02%,一方面说明除PFCs外仍有很大一部分可提取有机氟难以定性和定量,且离子态氟及未提取出的有机氟是TF的主要成分,另一方面受现有标准物质和检测技术限制,尚不能完全甄别和分析出PFCs的含量及未知的有机氟.     

污泥与猪粪作为培养基微生物去除垃圾焚烧飞灰中的重金属

以污泥或猪粪代替常规的无机盐(SM)作为A.ferrooxidans和A.thiooxidans复合菌株的培养基,利用微生物淋滤法去除垃圾焚烧飞灰中的重金属.结果表明,重金属去除率大小顺序为:污泥+菌液>SM+菌液>猪粪+菌液.污泥+菌液的处理中,经过15d的微生物淋滤,Cd、Zn、Cu去除率最高分别达到88.1%、78.7%、69.6%,而猪粪+菌液的处理,3种金属的去除率分别为82.4%、73.5%、60.0%.试验也表明,相同浓度的猪粪DOM对硫杆菌复合菌株的抑制作用远大于污泥DOM.当污泥DOM和猪粪DOM中水溶性有机碳浓度分别高于400mg/L和150mg/L时,就表现出对硫杆菌的不可修复的抑制作用.猪粪DOM中小分子量组分较多是造成这一现象的主要原因.     

Catalytic hydrothermal depolymerization of nylon 6

Depolymerization of nylon 6 to produce ε-caprolactam using an environmentally friendly heteropoly acid catalyst was studied at temperatures between 553 and 603 K in water. The products of depolymerization were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively by means of mass spectrometry and high-performance liquid chromatography. The results showed that the depolymerized product was mainly ε-caprolactam with a little 6-aminocaproic acid and oligomers. The phosphotungstic heteropoly acid used as a catalyst can improve the hydrolysis rate and yield of ε-caprolactam. The optimum hydrolysis conditions for ε-caprolactam yield were as follows: phosphotungstic heteropoly acid content, 3%; reaction temperature, 573 K; and reaction time, 85 min. Under these conditions, the yield of ε-caprolactam was 77.96%. In the temperature range 553–603 K, the activation energy of 3% phosphotungstic heteropoly acid-catalyzed depolymerization was evaluated as 77.38 kJ/mol, which is lower than the 86.64 kJ/mol value for no catalyst.     

Management of municipal solid waste in the Three Gorges region

As the fourth phase of the Three Gorges reservoir project commenced in 2008, the rate of water flow in the Yangtze River has obviously decelerated further downstream and water clarity within the storage facility has decreased. Meanwhile, the rate of urbanization in the region is adding to the amount of municipal solid waste (MSW) being generated by every day life. The composition of the waste is becoming more diversified and complicated, thereby presenting an increasing threat to the ecological environment and water resources of the Three Gorges region. This paper is a probe into MSW in terms of its characteristics as well as methods of storage, collection, transportation, recycling, treatment and disposal, the protection of environmental ecosystems. Municipal solid waste management (MSWM) is one of the major environmental problems in the Three Gorges region, and indeed the whole of China. Based on the analysis of the present situation of MSWM and its treatment/disposal, some methods of sorting, recycling, decomposing, incineration and reuse are described, sanitary landfill as the main disposal method in Chongqing city, incineration being the second. Sanitary landfill or dump was also used for MSW treatment in the Three Gorges region, and this paper also provides some suggestions for improving MSWM in the Three Gorges region.     

重庆园博园龙景湖水质保持及其上游流域水污染治理方案

龙景湖是典型的河道型新建水库,维持其水质优良是使重庆园博园成为高品质生态旅游观光和休闲景区的关键。龙景湖上游流域仍处于待建期,其主要污染物是氮、磷和TSS。以IV类水为水质目标,通过开展削减负荷计算和水环境容量河段,从外源清水入湖、园区污染控制和湖体水质保持等方面,形成了龙景湖水质保持及其上游流域水污染治理方案的总体布局和任务措施。目标可达行分析显示若本规划技术方案顺利实施,将可以完成龙景湖水质保持的预期目标,从而为重庆水体污染治理和水质保持提供可借鉴的思路。     

A/O系统处理低C/N奶牛场废水中的抗生素

为处理奶牛场废水中常检出抗生素,考察了小试规模缺氧/好氧(A/O)系统对低C/N奶牛场废水中常规污染物和抗生素的处理效果。当进水COD、总氮、氨氮和总磷分别在1 242~4 350、830~1 367、818~1 291和6~12 mg·L⁻¹,A池和O池水力停留时间(HRT)分别为3~4 d和2.05~5.4 d时,系统出水COD<400 mg·L⁻¹、氨氮<10 mg·L⁻¹、总氮去除率为40%~60%(无外加碳源)、总磷基本没有去除;通过调节硝化液回流比(1.0∶1~1.3∶1)可在进水COD/总氮≥3.1时实现碱度的自给自足;对11种磺胺类和8种β-内酰胺类抗生素研究发现,共检出9种磺胺类和1种β-内酰胺类抗生素(总浓度为5.89~17.31 μg·L⁻¹),系统对抗生素的总去除率大于93%;先后2次向进水中人为添加8种磺胺类抗生素(每种浓度先后为50 μg·L⁻¹和200 μg·L⁻¹)不会影响系统运行的稳定性,且抗生素的总去除率大于90%,A池和O池的抗生素去除率分别为15.0%~34.2%和69.1%~91.4%;在O池中的HRT降低50%时,系统对抗生素的总去除率基本不变。除甲氧苄啶外,其余7种磺胺类抗生素主要在O池中均得到去除,这与其分子结构中的S—N键有关。以上结果对奶牛场废水处理后还田具有重要的参考价值。