Detection of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons using a high performance-single particle aerosol mass spectrometer

The real-time detection of the mixing states of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and nitro-PAHs in ambient particles is of great significance for analyzing the source, aging process, and health effects of PAHs and nitro-PAHs; yet there is still few effective technology to achieve this type of detection. In this study, 11 types of PAH and nitro-PAH standard samples were analyzed using a high performance-single particle aerosol mass spectrometer (HP-SPAMS) in lab studies. The identification principles ‘parent ions’ and ‘mass-to-charge (m/z) = 77’ of each compound were obtained in this study. It was found that different laser energies did not affect the identification of the parent ions. The comparative experiments of ambient atmospheric particles, cooking and biomass burning emitted particles with and without the addition of PAHs were conducted and ruled out the interferences from primary and secondary organics on the identification of PAHs. Besides, the reliability of the characteristic ions extraction method was evaluated through the comparative study of similarity algorithm and deep learning algorithm. In addition, the real PAH-containing particles from vehicle exhaust emissions and ambient particles were also analyzed. This study improves the ability of single particle mass spectrometry technology to detect PAHs and nitro-PAHs, and HP-SPAMS was superior to SPAMS for detecting single particles containing PAHs and nitro-PAHs. This study provides support for subsequent ambient observations to identify the characteristic spectrum of single particles containing PAHs and nitro-PAHs.     

Partitioning gas tracer tests for measurement of water in municipal solid waste

A key component in the operation of almost all bioreactor landfills is the addition of water to maintain optimal moisture conditions. To determine how much water is needed and where to add it, in situ methods are required to measure water within solid waste. Existing technologies often result in measurements of unknown accuracy, because of the variability of solid waste materials and time-dependent changes in packing density, both of which influence most measurement methods. To overcome these problems, a new technology recently developed by hydrologists for measuring water in the vadose zone--the partitioning gas tracer test--was tested. In this technology, the transport behavior of two gas tracers within solid waste is used to measure the fraction of the void space filled with water. One tracer is conservative and does not react with solids or liquids, while a second tracer partitions into the water and is separated from the conservative tracer during transport. This technology was tested in four different solid waste packings and was capable of determining the volumetric water content to within 48% of actual values, with most measurement errors less than 15%. This technology and the factors that affect its applicability to landfills are discussed in this paper.     

SBR活性污泥中的主要微生物类群及其基本生态规律初探

本文重点探讨采用ＳＢＲ活性污泥法处理有机磷农药（乐果）生产废水的工艺中，ＳＢＲ内的活性污泥的主要微生物类群、特征、功能以及与环境因子、废水处理运行状况的关系。     

生物接触氧化结合气浮法处理卷烟综合废水

某卷烟厂采用生物接触氧化结合气浮法处理卷烟综合废水,经过3年的运行实践表明,工艺运行稳定可靠,在进水COD为300～1 500 mg/L、SS为100～600 mg/L、BOD5为100～900 mg/L、NH3-N为10～20 mg/L、水温为20～30 ℃时,出水COD《70 mg/L、BOD5《20 mg/L、SS《30 mg/L、NH3-N《3 mg/L,完全实现达标排放.     

三峡库区规模化顺坡沟垄果园氮、磷输出过程及流失负荷

通过对三峡库区顺坡垄沟构型的规模化柑橘园集水区次降雨过程径流氮、磷进行动态监测,分析典型降雨事件氮和磷流失负荷,并探讨了规模化柑橘种植对土壤氮磷流失及入库河流水环境的影响.结果表明:①顺坡沟垄柑橘园集水区径流氮和磷年流失负荷分别为13.43 kg·(hm~2·a)~(-1)和1.26 kg·(hm~2·a)~(-1),春季施肥及强降雨冲刷是集水区污染物高负荷的主要原因;②集水区全年总氮(TN)和总磷(TP)的EMC为8.49 mg·L~(-1)和0.87 mg·L~(-1),超过发生水体富营养化含量标准;③春季施肥后的2场典型降雨中,长历时暴雨径流硝态氮(NN)和溶解态磷(DP)负荷为4.94 kg·hm~(-2)和0.28 kg·hm~(-2),分别占TN和TP流失负荷的92.90%和64.69%;短历时大雨径流NN和DP负荷为0.52 kg·hm~(-2)和0.05 kg·hm~(-2),分别占TN和TP的65.92%和74.88%,溶解态氮和磷是顺坡沟垄坡面果园径流氮和磷流失的主要途径;④集水区氮磷流失表现出显著的"初始冲刷效应",初期20%的地表径流流失了58.0%的TN, 57.0%的DN, 58.5%的NN, 79.0%的AN, 62.0%的TP, 63.5%的DP和60.0%的PP,控制初期地表径流对降低入库径流养分具有重要作用.     

中欧节能减排政策比较

欧盟国家开展节能减排较早,并积累了丰富的经验。比较了在金融危机影响下欧盟与中国在节能减排法律框架、管理方式、经济政策、产业政策和技术创新方面的异同,提出中国应该借鉴欧盟国家的先进经验,完善现有的节能减排政策体系,实现经济和社会的可持续发展。     

添加剂和湿法除尘主要参数对炭黑去除效率的影响

选取十六烷基三甲基溴化胺(CTAB)、十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)、月桂醇聚氧乙烯(9)醚(AEO-9)和壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚(OP-10)4种表面活性剂配制成吸收液,采用伞形罩洗涤器对燃煤窑炉黑烟进行湿法除尘净化实验,探讨添加剂种类、入口含尘浓度(Cin)、入口风速(u)和液气比(L/G)参数的不同对炭黑(BC)去除效率(η)的影响,结合压降(ΔP,Pa)的变化提出高效脱黑的可行方案.结果表明,在实验条件同为Cin=2g·m-3、u=12m·s-1和L/G=0.2L·m-3条件下,4种吸收液脱黑效果差别不大,AEO-9吸收液具有略明显的优势,炭黑去除效率可达到99.5%(0.06mmol·L-1,AEO-9);在u=12m·s-1和L/G=0.2L·m-3条件下,Cin=5g·m-3时更利于洗涤器对黑烟的净化,AEO-9吸收液的炭黑去除效率近乎100%,ΔP变化不大;入口风速的变化对炭黑去除效率和压降的影响比较明显,当Cin和L/G分别为2g·m-3、0.2L·m-3时,最佳入口风速为12～14m·s-1,炭黑去除效率保持在99%以上;最佳操作液气比可控制在0.2～0.4L·m-3.     

V2O5/CeO2催化剂用于低温NH3-SCR的性能研究

采用浸渍法制备了系列V2O5/CeO2催化剂,用于低温NH3选择性催化还原(NH3-SCR)NO.同时,考察了催化剂中V2O5负载量和煅烧温度对催化活性的影响,并运用SEM,BET和XRD物理化学技术对催化剂进行了表征.结果表明,V2O5/CeO2催化剂对模拟烟气中的NO转化呈现出较高的活性,但是V2O5负载量和催化剂的催化活性并不呈线性递增的关系.当V2O5负载量超过10%时,催化剂的催化活性开始下降.随着煅烧温度的升高,由于钒酸铈的生成,催化剂的催化活性下降.400℃为最佳煅烧温度.     

浸渍液pH值对V-Mo/Ti脱硝催化剂性能的影响研究

为提升V-Mo/Ti催化剂的脱硝性能,在催化剂制备过程中调节浸渍工艺参数,制备了一系列不同浸渍液pH值的催化剂,采用XRD、N2-吸附脱附、拉曼光谱、UV-Vis、H2-TPR、NH3-TPD等手段对催化剂进行表征,考察了pH值的变化对催化剂物理化学性能的影响,采用固定床微型反应器对催化剂的脱硝性能进行评价。结果表明,降低浸渍液pH值,可以抑制催化剂上VOx物种的聚合,提升催化剂的还原性能,有利于提升催化剂的脱硝效率,降低脱硝反应过程中N2O生成量。同时,浸渍液pH值的变化,也会影响催化剂的酸性性能。当浸渍液pH值低于3.64时,催化剂酸性性能显著降低,造成催化剂脱硝性能降低;当浸渍液pH值控制在3.64时,催化剂的还原性能和酸性性能匹配较好,从而显示了较高的脱硝性能。     

超声萃取-高效液相色谱法测定土壤中苯并[a]芘研究

采用超声萃取-高效液相色谱荧光检测法对土壤中苯并[a]芘含量进行定性、定量分析.土壤样品用正己烷/二氯甲烷(1+1)超声萃取,萃取液经硅胶柱或佛罗里硅土柱净化浓缩定容,乙腈-水为流动相,线性梯度洗脱,流速为1.0 mL/min,荧光检测器激发波长为280 nm,发射波长为420 nm,外标法峰面积定量.结果显示:该方法检出限低,苯并[a]芘的检出限为0.15μg/kg.这种方法具有很好的精密度,相对标准偏差为3.9%~8.4%.实际水样加标回收率范围在72.5%~85.8%.能够满足土壤的监测要求.