保氮增效剂调节氮肥施用量和利用率研究——Ⅰ.保氮增效剂在玉米生产中的应用效果

田间试验和示范表明,在玉米作物生产中施用兼具多元素复合和氮肥加价作用的保氮增效剂,可显著地改善植株性状,促果穗增长增粗,使秃尖率下降、穗粒数和百粒重增加。保氮增效剂用量为玉米施氮肥量的2.92%～4.99%,玉米增产51.5～68.4kg/亩。肥料报酬提高2.2～2.6倍,增收经济效益达34.1～44.7元/亩。     

内蒙甲─查银多金属矿区控矿构造

内蒙甲一查银多金属矿床是由燕山期构造岩浆作用形成的后火山热液脉状矿床。矿体的形态、产状、厚度、品位等完全受控于成矿期断裂的性质及其产状、规模。本文论述了矿区的控矿断裂特征，并指出在进一步找矿中应注意采用构造地球化学方法、追索和寻找活动时间较长、规模较大、成矿期为张剪性或压剪性的NWW、NNW向断裂。     

盐度条件下ANAMMOX-EGSB反应器颗粒污泥微生物群落

采用高通量测序技术探究了0、15和30 g·L^-1盐度条件下稳定运行ANAMMOX-EGSB反应器中颗粒污泥的微生物群落变化.结果发现,进水盐度提升至15 g·L^-1及30 g·L^-1后,反应器脱氮性能呈现小幅下降,随运行时间延长脱氮性能均可恢复.反应器性能稳定后,3种盐度条件下厌氧氨氧化菌的丰度依次为10.33%、20.90%和35.87%,其中Candidatus Kuenenia属为优势属.浮霉状菌门、变形菌门、绿弯菌门丰度占总体比例较高且累计丰度超过了80%,为反应器的优势菌门.盐度条件下,浮霉状菌门丰度增加,变形菌门丰度降低,绿弯菌门丰度相对稳定.电镜扫描显示盐度条件下颗粒污泥表面有大量丝状菌和胞外聚合物.盐度条件下反硝化菌丰度提高,增强了反硝化协同脱氮,绿弯菌门和拟杆菌门微生物丰度的提高有利于维持颗粒污泥结构稳定,好氧微生物及反硝化菌的存在也有利于维持反应器内部厌氧水平.这些结果表明,厌氧氨氧化菌经驯化可适应盐度,盐度条件下伴生菌对厌氧氨氧化菌功能的发挥提供了支撑.     

Evolution of self-organized division of labor in a response threshold model

Division of labor in social insects is determinant to their ecological success. Recent models emphasize that division of labor is an emergent property of the interactions among nestmates obeying to simple behavioral rules. However, the role of evolution in shaping these rules has been largely neglected. Here, we investigate a model that integrates the perspectives of self-organization and evolution. Our point of departure is the response threshold model, where we allow thresholds to evolve. We ask whether the thresholds will evolve to a state where division of labor emerges in a form that fits the needs of the colony. We find that division of labor can indeed evolve through the evolutionary branching of thresholds, leading to workers that differ in their tendency to take on a given task. However, the conditions under which division of labor evolves depend on the strength of selection on the two fitness components considered: amount of work performed and on worker distribution over tasks. When selection is strongest on the amount of work performed, division of labor evolves if switching tasks is costly. When selection is strongest on worker distribution, division of labor is less likely to evolve. Furthermore, we show that a biased distribution (like 3:1) of workers over tasks is not easily achievable by a threshold mechanism, even under strong selection. Contrary to expectation, multiple matings of colony foundresses impede the evolution of specialization. Overall, our model sheds light on the importance of considering the interaction between specific mechanisms and ecological requirements to better understand the evolutionary scenarios that lead to division of labor in complex systems. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00265-012-1343-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

湿法处理工业废渣热力学分析

根据冶金，煤炭及无机化工工业类废渣的物理化学性质，通过Ｍ＾ｎ＋ ｅ－Ｈ２Ｏ系和Ｍ＾ｎ＋ｅ－Ｆ＾－Ｈ２Ｏ系热力学平衡图，对废渣中硅，铝，铁及钙镁等主要矿物的溶出热力学行为进行了分析。     

Geochemistry and pH control of seepage from Ni-Cu rich mine tailings at Selebi Phikwe,Botswana

Acid mine drainage from mine tailings at Selebi Phikwe, eastern Botswana, has been investigated using a combination of total decomposition, sequential extraction, X-ray diffraction, Mössbauer spectroscopy, and SEM analyses of solid phase samples, water analyses, isotopic analyses, and geochemical modeling. The principal ferric phases in the seepage stream sediments are jarosite and goethite, which incorporate Ni and Cu. The Mössbauer spectroscopy (MS) indicated exclusively 3+ oxidation state of iron with typical features of ferric hydroxides/sulfates. A fraction of dissolved sulfate is also sequestered in gypsum which precipitates further downstream. Significant portions of Fe, Ni, and Cu are transported in suspension. Values of pH decreased downstream due to H⁺ generated by the precipitation of jarosite. Values of δ²H and δ¹⁸O indicate evaporation of pore water in the mine tailings before seepage. Values of δ³⁴S(SO₄) are consistent with the oxidation of sulfides, but sample from the seepage face is affected by dissolution of gypsum. No minerals of Ni and Cu were detected and the principal attenuation processes seem to be adsorption and co-precipitation with jarosite. Higher contents of Cu are sequestered in solid phases compared to Ni, in spite of much higher dissolved Ni concentrations. Based on the speciation calculations, seepage water is undersaturated with respect to all Ni and Cu phases and adsorption and co-precipitation with jarosite seems to be the principal attenuation processes. Direct geochemical modeling was able to reproduce downstream pH trends, thus confirming the precipitation of jarosite as the principal pH-controlling process.     

开发云南省生物资源产业的可持续发展研究

本文论述了云南省生物资源开发产业的现状,重点探讨了生物资源开发利用中存在的主要问题,指出了今后云南开发生物资源产业应从云南实际出发,走开发利用与保护并举的可持续发展道路,并提出了相应的对策     

烤胶废料活性炭对含铬废水的处理能力

介绍了微波照射下氯化锌法制取烤胶废料活的方法,用该方法所制烤胶废料活性炭处理含废水的结果表明,烤胶废料活性炭具有吸附容量大,过滤速度快,操作控制方便等优点,活性炭对铬的吸附容量是市售一级粉末活性炭的１．８倍。     

Landscape evaluation: comparison of evaluation methods in a region of Spain

Landscape evaluation is now widely recognised as a powerful, interdisciplinary, environmental research method. The aim of the present work was to compare two landscape evaluation methods as part of a physical planning process: the cartographic assessment method and the in situ assessment method. This comparison was performed using an area of the Montes de Toledo, in the centre of Spain. Both methods provided similar results for the majority of the landscape units studied. This shows that the cartographic method can be successfully used in landscape evaluation, allowing important savings in terms of fieldwork. However, this is only the case when the information provided by the available maps is sufficiently accurate to allow the correct assignment of coefficients by a panel of experts.     

Optimal methods to determine the physical parameters for activated carbon adsorption

The objectives of this research were to examine the physical characteristics of activated carbons made of different materials, thereby suggest a preferable approach to obtaining the optimal estimation of the parameters for the activated carbons by the statistical techniques. After the appropriate pretreatments, the apparent and true densities of activated carbon, adsorption isotherms of argon, nitrogen and mercury, and the adsorptive capacity of benzene were determined by using the recommended approaches. The results showed that the shapes of hysteresis loop indicated that the pores were probably slit‐shaped or formed by plate‐like particles, which could be confirmed by the SEM examination. It was noted that the apparent density used for pore volume calculation presented a higher possibility of underestimation. Through the use of the statistical techniques, such as factor analysis (FA) and correspondence analysis (CA), the principal physical parameters on adsorption phenomena could be characterized. Finally, the optimal methods for obtaining the surface area and pore volume of activated carbons were suggested.