高炉细灰冷压成型回收铁锌

在资源短缺和环保形势日益严峻的情况下,高炉细灰的回收再利用逐渐被人们重视。XRF、SEM、EDS和XRD分析确定了细灰的元素含量、分布状态、颗粒形貌及物相组成。高炉细灰原样和添加5%的CaCO3的高炉细灰的TG-DSC分析表明细灰冷压块高温焙烧的最低温度应为950℃。按一定比例的马铃薯全粉和水配加不同比例的CaO制备复合黏结剂,配加到高炉细灰中压块并测定强度,当CaO含量在7%时,压块强度最大。在充入保护性气氛N2的管式炉中,950、1 050、1 150、1 250℃,分别焙烧CaO配比为7%的压块1 h,分析结果表明1 150℃时细灰去Zn效果良好,焙烧所得物质主要为Fe。该工艺除可以调节细灰的碱度外,也可以有效利用马铃薯全粉。     

小尺度农田土壤Pb、Zn和Cd空间分布及污染评价——以云南沘比江沿岸某农田为例

以沘江沿岸面积为96 000 m2的整片农田作为研究对象,采集144个表层土壤样本,利用ICP-MS测定土壤中Pb、Zn和Cd的含量,使用地统计学方法分析Pb、Zn和Cd的空间分布,采用污染负荷指数评价土壤Pb、Zn和Cd污染程度,并对污染来源进行解析。结果表明研究区域农田土壤中Pb、Zn和Cd含量均超过当地土壤背景值,出现了污染富积。根据国家土壤环境质量标准,Pb未超标,Zn超标率为98.6%,Cd超标率为100%。普通克里金空间插值分布图显示,Pb、Zn和Cd高含量区域均沿着省道227和靠近居民区分布,而临近沘江的区域Pb、Zn和Cd含量相对较低,其中Pb、Zn含量变化基本呈现由省道227向沘江方向递减规律。Pb、Zn和Cd之间具有较好的相关性,三者同源概率较大。对Pb、Zn和Cd的污染评价表明,研究区域农田土壤57.78%为中度污染,42.22%为重度污染。从污染负荷指数法（PLI）空间插值图可见,重度污染区域位于省道227沿线与居民区东侧区域,其余区域为中度污染。本研究结果说明,小尺度空间分析方法用于农田土壤污染状况的分析,能有效预测重金属空间分布情况,在土地紧缺的情况下,该方法能有效指导对农田的不同区域进行选择使用和精准管理。     

Co-surfactant of ethoxylated sorbitan ester and sorbitan monooleate for enhanced flushing of tetrachloroethylene

This work evaluated the flushing efficiency of tetrachloroethylene (PCE) using the co-surfactant of non-ionic ethoxylated sorbitan ester (Tween) and oilphilic sorbitan monooleate (Span 80), which formed more hydrophobic micelles than Tween alone. The flushing efficiency was evaluated with laboratory columns filled with silica and aquifer sand. Results from column flushing were also compared to those of batch solubility experiments to study the removal mechanism by the co-surfactant solution. Compared to Tween 80 alone, the molar solubilization ratio and the affinity between the micelles and PCE increased 84% and 90%, respectively, by the co-surfactant solution of Tween 80 and Span 80 mixed at a 4:1 ratio. Flushing with 1% Tween 80 solution yielded a steady PCE recovery of 7% for both silica and aquifer sand in each pore volume (PV). Flushing with co-surfactant of 1% Tween 80 + Span 80 (4:1) further increased PCE recovery to 10% for silica sand and 13% for aquifer sand per PV. A comparison of results from column flushing and batch solubility tests indicated that the primary flushing mechanism of PCE using the co-surfactant solution of Tween 80 + Span 80 (4:1) was micellar solubilization.     

Gas- and particulate-phase specific tracer and toxic organic compounds in environmental tobacco smoke

Cigarette smoke constituents are worthy of concern and characterized as carcinogens. Different experiment conditions may affect the environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) constituents. A study was undertaken in a 75.5-m3 spare office to evaluate ETS constituents in a real environment. Thirty-four volatile organic compounds (VOCs) including three ETS tracers: nicotine, 2,5-dimethylfuran and 3-ethenylpyridine (3-EP), 19 carbonyl compounds, 54 semi-volatile compounds (24 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and 30 alkanes) as well as CO and total particulate matter (TPM) from 15 leading commercial brands were determined. ETS constituents did not increase with increasing cigarette tar. ETS tracers nicotine and 3-EP were affected greatly due to more sorption and surface reactions in real world compared to other studies conducted in chamber, which resulted in 2-5 times lower. Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylenes, acrolein, 2-butanone and the high molecular weight compounds exhibited little affect. Pearson correlation analyses show that gas-phase and particulate-phase ETS tracers did not show significant correlation, but within each homologue many of compounds correlated significantly. Indole and cholesta-3,5-diene were also detected in ETS. These results may be useful in efforts to better understand the health effect of ETS exposure and source apportionment.     

基于可调二极管激光技术的汽车尾气遥感监测系统

汽车尾气排放已成为最主要的城市污染源之一。汽车尾气的遥感监测系统作为一种高效实时监测汽车正常运行状况下的尾气排放方法已越来越受到人们的广泛关注。本文主要介绍基于可调二极管激光(TDL)技术的汽车尾气遥感监测系统。首先介绍遥感监测系统的产生与发展以及TDL技术的基本原理,其次阐述遥感监测系统的组成、关键技术以及系统的优点,并分析遥感监测系统在国内外的应用现状,最后提出目前应用中尚待解决的若干关键技术问题。     

反硝化除磷的影响特性试验

采用SBR反应器（厌氧/缺氧/好氧工艺）,分别研究了乙酸盐及硝酸盐浓度变化对反硝化除磷的影响特性.试验结果表明,当进水COD浓度＞230 mg/L时,乙酸盐浓度的变化对释磷、除磷速率等影响并不显著.在硝酸盐浓度＜30 mg/L时,硝酸盐浓度越高,缺氧段除磷速率也就越高.在C/P＞23,C/N＞5条件下,SBR系统对磷、氮去除率在90%以上.     

等浓度配比法研究苯酚、硝基苯和问硝基苯胺对发光菌的联合毒性作用

分别测定了苯酚、硝基苯和间硝基苯胺对发光菌的单一毒性，以及等浓度配比和等毒性配比的二元及三元混合体系的联合毒性，采用相加指数法对其联合效应进行了评价。结果表明，等浓度比和等毒性比混合体系的联合作用结果一致：苯酚＋间硝基苯胺二元体系为协同作用，其他各体系为相加作用。为简化联合毒性实验方法，建议在研究相关系列化合物的联合毒性作用机制中，可采用等浓度配比方法。     

农药对藻类的生态毒理学研究Ⅰ:毒性效应

随着现代农业的发展,世界范围内使用的农药品种越来越多,用量不断增加。农药对非靶生物的影响以及农药残留导致环境污染,造成生态系统结构和功能的破坏,早已受到了国内外的广泛关注。有关农药对生态系统中消费者类群毒性效应的研究较多。近年来,农药对于生态系统初级生产者－ 藻类的毒性及其生态毒理学的研究倍受重视。大力开展这方面的研究对于深入了解农药在生态系统中的迁移、转化及整体生态效应以及农药的生态风险评价无疑具有重要的理论意义和应用价值。本文综述了近年来国内外有关农药对单种藻类和藻类群落的毒性效应,影响毒性的环境因子。     

石灰湿法脱硫过程中pH条件对结垢的影响研究

针对石灰湿法脱硫中存在的结垢问题，在鼓泡床中模拟了石灰湿法脱硫过程，通过分析液相的组成，结合反应机理探讨了pH对结垢的影响。结果表明，当pH控制在6.0～4．0时，既能避免结垢，又能获得较高的脱硫率。提出了实际中预测结垢倾向的方法。     

太湖梅梁湾富营养化相关问题探讨

太湖水体富营养化问题已严重威胁着太湖流域社会经济发展,特别是梅梁湾湖区尤为严重。以实测资料为基础,分析了太湖富营养化的环境影响因子,得出以下结论：磷为梅梁湾湖区主要的限制性因子;光照、水温为该区富营养化重要影响因素,但不是主要的限制性因子。CODMa与富营养化关系密切,但需进一步探讨其影响实质。