Mapping afforestation and deforestation from 1974 to 2012 using Landsat time-series stacks in Yulin District, a key region of the Three-North Shelter region, China

The Three-North Shelter Forest Program is the largest afforestation reconstruction project in the world. Remote sensing is a crucial tool to map land use and land cover change, but it is still challenging to accurately quantify the change in forest extent from time-series satellite images. In this paper, 30 Landsat MSS/TM/ETM+ epochs from 1974 to 2012 were collected, and the high-quality ground surface reflectance (GSR) time-series images were processed by integrating the 6S atmosphere transfer model and a relative reflectance normalization algorithm. Subsequently, we developed a vegetation change tracking method to reconstruct the forest change history (afforestation and deforestation) from the time-series Landsat GSR images based on the integrated forest z-score (IFZ) model by Huang et al. (2009a), which was improved by multi-phenological IFZ models and the smoothing processing of IFZ data for afforestation mapping. The mapping result showed a large increase in the extent of forest, from 380,394 ha (14.8 % of total district area) in 1974 to 1,128,380 ha (43.9 %) in 2010. Finally, the land cover and forest change map was validated with an overall accuracy of 89.1 % and a kappa coefficient of 0.858. The forest change time was also successfully retrieved, with 22.2 % and 86.5 % of the change pixels attributed to the correct epoch and within three epochs, respectively. The results confirmed a great achievement of the ecological revegetation projects in Yulin district over the last 40 years and also illustrated the potential of the time-series of Landsat images for detecting forest changes and estimating tree age for the artificial forest in a semi-arid zone strongly influenced by human activities.     

Understanding the Price Dynamics in the Jiangsu SO2 Emissions Trading Program in China: A Multiple Periods Analysis

Because emissions permits can be considered to be a pseudo-commodity, the permit price in the emissions trading markets has already attracted great interest from the economic literature. This research took the Jiangsu sulfur dioxide (SO₂) emissions trading program in China as a case study to examine the price dynamics over the next 10 years (2011–2020) based on Jiangsu’s new SO₂ emissions trading policy design. An adaptive agent-based simulation model was developed to estimate the price dynamics as well as the impact of energy price, policy design, and new environmental regulation on the permit price. The results showed that the equilibrium price of the Jiangsu SO₂ emissions trading market is approximately 4.20 CNY/kg, and the permit price will fluctuate around this price if the other conditions are not changed. If the coal price increases during 2011–2016, the permit price will decline to 2.79 CNY/kg by 2020 under China’s current coal–electricity price mechanism. In addition, the banking mechanism will smooth the price fluctuations and the average permit price will be generally higher when banking is not allowed. Finally, the stricter environmental regulation will reduce the market supply of permits and will raise the permit price. According to China’s potential new SO₂ discharge standard, the permit price will jump to 11 CNY/kg. The quantification of the permit price dynamics can help power plants to make decisions on emissions trading.     

臭氧激光雷达技术及应用研究进展

差分吸收臭氧激光雷达是完善光化学立体监测体系的重要技术,因其高时空分辨率的廓线探测优势而得以迅速发展,目前已被广泛应用于对流层臭氧浓度的遥感探测。阐述了臭氧激光雷达的原理,归纳总结了雷达系统及关键技术的国内外最新研究进展,梳理了臭氧激光雷达在环境领域的应用现状,并基于我国城市臭氧污染问题现状和管理需求,初步探索设计了臭氧激光雷达监测网络业务应用的整体框架。指出了臭氧激光雷达技术及应用中存在厂家众多但缺乏统一的技术规范和行业标准,数据质量及准确性有待提高,与标准分析方法产生数据的可比性较差等不足之处;提出了核心部件国产化,系统小型化、自动化及商用化,多平台以及与其他监测方式联用等发展趋势。     

中国高精度温室气体排放清单编制研究进展

高精度温室气体排放清单是摸清区域碳排放来源、识别时空演变特征的数据基础,也是政府部门科学制定“减污降碳”策略、实现“双碳”目标的科技支撑。通过调研国内外组织机构、科研团队在高精度排放清单方面的成果,从核算范围、核算方法、时空化方法、评估与校验4个方面介绍了我国温室气体排放清单编制方法的研究进展。针对我国高精度温室气体排放清单研究区域分散、方法与格式不统一的问题,提出我国清单编制要逐步统筹本地化、精细化和动态化的发展建议。     

两种生物填料净化城市混合污水的对比分析

本文初步对软性、瑞琪两种填料净化城市混合污水的效果进行比较研究，为进一步深入开展土地快速渗滤技术及处理城市混合污水实用技术的研究提供依据。     

大都市地下空间开拓与环境地质问题

城市地下空间是一种宝贵的资源，我国城市地下空间开发利用虽已取得较大的进展，然而由此所引发的环境地质问题仍然是令人担忧的。本文就大都市地下空间的开拓的作用及其引发的环境地质问题进行了深入的探讨，并提出了解决这些环境地质问题的相应途径。     

沉积物活化氧气和过氧化氢产生羟自由基降解三氯乙烯的比较研究

沉积物中Fe(Ⅱ)可以活化氧气(O₂)产生羟自由基(?OH),从而降解有机污染物. 为评估O₂应用于原位化学氧化(ISCO)等修复工程的潜力,通过室内静态试验体系,定量对比了不同条件下,沉积物活化O₂与过氧化氢(H₂O₂)产生?OH的产量、氧化剂转化效率的差异,并采用三氯乙烯(TCE)作为代表性污染物来评估两种氧化剂体系降解污染物的能力. 结果表明:在pH为7的条件下,河岸带地下1 m和8 m以及化工场地下1 m和5 m沉积物悬浊液(均为50 g/L)在180 min内活化4.6 mmol/L O₂(假定体系中O₂完全溶解于水相的浓度,下同)时分别产生0.5、7.1、1.0、13.8 μmol/L ?OH,活化5 mmol/L H₂O₂时分别产生1.7、39.1、72.1、102.8 μmol/L ?OH. O₂转化为?OH的效率为0.1%~3.0%,与H₂O₂ (0.03%~2.40%)处于相近水平. 在50 g/L河岸带地下8 m沉积物悬浊液中,随着O₂投加量由2.3 mmol/L增至7.0 mmol/L,180 min内?OH的产量由6.7 μmol/L增至7.5 μmol/L,但是?OH的产率由1.5%降至0.8%;随着H₂O₂的投加量由0.5 mmol/L增至10.0 mmol/L,180 min内?OH的产量由12.2 μmol/L增至70.4 μmol/L,但?OH的产率由2.4%降至0.7%. 当向上述体系中加入三聚磷酸盐(TPP)和乙二胺四乙酸钠盐(EDTA)后,?OH的产量和产率显著增加. 在河岸带地下8 m沉积物-O₂ (4.6 mmol/L)体系中,反应180 min内TCE(初始浓度为12 μmol/L)的去除率为15.5%,高于沉积物-H₂O₂ (5.0 mmol/L)体系对TCE的去除率(7.7%),然而加入1.0 mmol/L TPP后,两种体系均可以实现TCE的完全去除. 研究显示,O₂不仅稳定性好、廉价易得,而且与沉积物反应速率适中,氧化剂有效利用率与H₂O₂处于相当水平,因此有望作为一种温和的氧化剂应用于特定需求的ISCO修复.      

Analysis on sensitivit and landscape ecological spatial structure of site resources

This article establishes a set of indicators and standards for landscape ecological sensitivity analysis of site resources by using the theories and approaches of landscape ecology.It uses landscape diversity index(H),evenness(E),natural degree(N),contrast degree(C) to study spatial structure and landscape heterogeneity of site resources and thus provides a qualitative-quantitative evaluation method for land planning and management of small ,medium scale areas.The analysis of Yantian District,Shenzhen of China showed that Wutong Mountain belonged to high lanscape ecological sensitivity area,Sanzhoutian Reservoir and Shangping Reservoir were medium landscape sensitivity area and high ecological sensitivity area;Dameisha and Xiaomeisha belonged to medium sensitivity area caused by the decline of natural ecological areas.Shatoujiao,Yantian Pier belonged to low sensitivity area but urban landscape ecological development had reshaped and influenced their landscape ecological roles in a great extent.Suggestions on planning,protection goals an development intensity of each site or district were raised.     

新加坡控制汽车排放污染的经验

汽车，作为现代文明的产物一经出现便得到了迅猛的发展，给世界带来了动感，给人们的生活带来了便捷和舒适，但与此同时也给我们赖以生存的环境带来了越来越严重的空气污染。资料表明，发达国家城市空气污染中曾经主要来源于汽车的排放，在汽车密度大的国家和地区，汽车排放污染成为严重的社会公害，有些国家还发生了光化学污染事件，