大气颗粒物中环境持久性自由基的电子顺磁共振检测方法

大气颗粒物中的环境持久性自由基具有强氧化性,参与大气中诸多化学反应,影响空气质量,进而影响人体健康,因此对其定性、定量检测具有重要意义,然而现阶段并没有成熟有效的分析检测方法.本文利用电子顺磁共振波谱仪,对比大气颗粒物的3种进样方式,建立了便捷、有效的大气颗粒物中环境持久性自由基检测方法.首先,配制不同标准物质(或溶液),确定仪器的最佳检测参数和大气颗粒物的最低响应浓度(或质量).然后,分别使用水洗脱法和有机溶剂提取法对大气颗粒物进行前处理,优化大气颗粒物的水洗脱和有机提取条件,对比大气颗粒物直接进样、水洗脱样和有机提取样的测定结果.最后,确定了上述3种进样方法的适用条件,即直接检测法适用于石英膜和Teflon膜样品,且操作简便,易于定量测定大气颗粒物中自由基的浓度;水洗脱法仅适用于Teflon膜样品,但需要已知颗粒物洗脱效率才能定量计算;有机溶剂提取法不能有效的提取的颗粒物上的自由基.     

Effects of rainfall on surface environment and morphological characteristics in the Loess Plateau

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Slope failure is a one of major process that causes severe landform variation and environment variation, and slope failure has become a major hidden...     

3种喹诺酮类抗生素在骆马湖饮用水源地沉积物上的吸附特征

为探究喹诺酮类抗生素(QNs)在饮用水源地的吸附特征,2019年6月于江苏骆马湖饮用水源地采集沉积物样品,用5种动力学方程拟合沉积物对诺氟沙星(NOR)、环丙沙星(CIP)和氧氟沙星(OFL)的吸附动力学过程,并用Langmuir和Freundlich模型拟合以上3种QNs的吸附热力学过程,分析了pH、水土比和不同Na~+、Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)、Al~(3+)浓度对吸附过程的影响。结果表明:骆马湖沉积物对3种QNs的吸附在8h达到平衡,准二级动力学方程和Langmuir模型能更好地描述3种QNs的吸附动力学和热力学过程。酸性条件下,3种QNs的吸附效果更好,且在pH=5时平衡吸附量最大。平衡吸附量随着水土比的上升而下降。Na~+对吸附的抑制作用不明显,Ca~(2+)和Mg~(2+)的抑制作用较强,而Al~(3+)对吸附表现为促进作用。应在枯水期和南水北调时期加强对骆马湖饮用水源地(尤其是东北部)QNs污染的关注。     

水洗碳氢溶剂废气的废水生物降解效能及影响因素研究

采用厌氧折流板反应器(ABR)/连续搅拌反应器(CSTR)组合工艺,通过构建共基质体系对水洗碳氢溶剂废气的废水(简称水洗废水)进行处理研究,探讨了共基质体系可行性,考察了水力停留时间(HRT)、硝化液回流比(R,%)、COD和氨氮质量比(C/N)、pH等对水洗废水处理效率的影响。结果表明:(1)共基质体系对去除水洗废水中难降解有机物效果显著。水洗废水占总废水的体积分数≤60%时共代谢效果最佳,COD平均去除率高于84%,氮污染物的去除受该体系影响小。(2)HRT=12h时碳污染物去除效果最佳,COD平均去除率为89.40%。较长的HRT利于脱氮,HRT=24h时氨氮平均去除率达98%,平均出水氨氮为0.87mg/L。R=300%(体积分数)时碳氮污染物去除效果最优。(3)C/N=10时组合装置对废水的脱氮除碳性能最好,COD、总有机碳(TOC)、氨氮和TN平均去除率分别为87.93%、93.11%、95.94%和77.29%。除碳最适pH为6.7,脱氮偏好碱性环境(pH=8.6)。     

我国高速公路周边土壤重金属污染现状及研究进展

以我国高速公路周边土壤重金属为研究对象,综述了我国高速公路周边土壤重金属污染特征、影响因素、来源、环境风险及其研究进展。高速公路周边土壤主要受Pb、Cd、Cr、Cu、Zn等重金属污染,主要呈现指数分布、偏态分布和两者混合分布等特点,并且受到土地利用、风向、地形、车流量等多种因素的综合影响。土壤重金属的来源除了受成土母质等自然因素影响以外,公路交通和周边工农业活动也会对其来源产生较大影响。传统的土壤重金属评价方法主要采用单因子指数法、地累积指数法、生态风险评价法等对重金属的污染等级和环境风险进行评价。未来的研究应将重金属形态分析、空间和地统计分析、重金属稳定同位素示踪和源解析模型以及预测模型等多种手段相结合,开展高速公路周边土壤重金属的污染特征、时空分布、来源及预测预警研究等,为我国高速公路沿线工农业生产布局及其土壤重金属污染防控提供科学依据和决策支撑。     

官厅水库入库断面水质多指标评价与演变特征分析

水体质量状况及其污染特征是流域水污染防治规划和治理措施制定的前提和基础。采用主成分分析和层次聚类分析等多元统计分析方法,选取溶解氧、高锰酸盐指数、化学需氧量等10个不同类型的监测指标,综合评价了官厅水库入库断面八号桥2006—2017年丰水期和枯水期水质年际变化特征,识别了不同阶段关键污染指标。结果表明:各年份丰水期(9月)大多数水质指标均优于枯水期(5月),特别是粪大肠菌群和氨氮,但总磷和高锰酸盐指数的差异较小。根据水质指标年际变化情况,可将研究期分为污染严重阶段(2006—2007年)、污染改善阶段(2008—2015年)和污染全面好转阶段(2016—2017年)。大部分水质指标呈现逐年好转的趋势,特别是粪大肠菌群、氨氮和五日生化需氧量,但总磷仍是官厅水库入库河流的重要污染指标。     

Hyperspectral Characteristics of Canopy Components and Structure for Phenological Assessment of an Invasive Weed

Spectral reflectance values of four canopy components (stems, buds, opening flowers, and postflowers of yellow starthistle (Centaurea solstitialis)) were measured to describe their spectral characteristics. We then physically combined these canopy components to simulate the flowering stage indicated by accumulated flower ratios (AFR) 10%, 40%, 70%, and 90%, respectively. Spectral dissimilarity and spectral angles were calculated to quantitatively identify spectral differences among canopy components and characteristic patterns of these flowering stages. This study demonstrated the ability of hyperspectral data to characterize canopy components, and identify different flowering stages. Stems had a typical spectral profile of green vegetation, which produced a spectral dissimilarity with three reproduction organs (buds, opening flowers, and postflowers). Quantitative differences between simulated flower stages depended on spectral regions and phenological stages examined. Using full-range canopy spectra, the initial flowering stage could be separated from the early peak, peak, and late flowering stages by three spectral regions, i.e. the blue absorption (around 480 nm) and red absorption (around 650 nm) regions and NIR plateau from 730 nm to 950 nm. For airborne CASI data, only the red absorption region and NIR plateau could be used to identify the flowering stages in the field. This study also revealed that the peak flowering stage was more easily recognized than any of the other three stages.     

The dynamic changes of arsenic biotransformation and bioaccumulation in muscle of freshwater food fish crucian carp during chronic dietborne exposure

Dietary uptake is the major way that inorganic arsenic (iAs) enters into benthic fish; however, the metabolic process of dietborne iAs in fish muscle following chronic exposure remains unclear. This was a 40-day study on chronic dietborne iAs [arsenite (AsIII) and arsenate (AsV)] exposure in the benthic freshwater food fish, the crucian carp (Carassius auratus), which determined the temporal profiles of iAs metabolism and toxicokinetics during exposure. We found that an adaptive response occurred in the fish body after iAs dietary exposure, which was associated with decreased As accumulation and increased As transformation into a non-toxic As form (arsenobetaine). The bioavailability of dietary AsIII was lower than that of AsV, probably because AsIII has a lower ability to pass through fish tissues. Dietary AsV exhibited a high potential for transformation into AsIII species, which then accumulated in fish muscle. The largely produced AsIII considered more toxic at the earlier stage of AsV exposure should attract sufficient attention to human exposure assessment. Therefore, the pristine As species and exposure duration had significant effects on As bioaccumulation and biotransformation in fish. The behavior determined for dietborne arsenic in food fish is crucial for not only arsenic ecotoxicology but also food safety.     

环氧丙烷生产废液中1,2 -二氯丙烷的回收

介绍了从环氧丙烷生产废液中回收1,2-二氯丙烷的新方法。采用常压精馏、减压精馏、共沸精馏工艺分离环氧丙烷生产废液中的1,2-二氯丙烷。实验结果显示,共沸精馏工艺的效果最好;在含有一定量的共沸剂、釜温100℃、顶温86℃、回流比为1的条件下,塔顶馏分中1,2-二氯丙烷的质量分数可达到98％以上,1,2-二氯丙烷的回收率可达到97％以上。