生产系统的状态与危险源结构

描述了生产系统存在的三种状态 ;即安全状态、危险状态和事故状态 ,把危险源分为固有型危险源和触发型危险源进行了分析研究 ;提出了构成生产系统重大事故的危险结构 ,认为人们可通过对系统固有型危险源和触发型危险源的有效监控和管理 ,达到使系统安全的目的。     

姬松茸中Cu,Zn,Ag,Cd和Hg累积特性的初步研究

对三种不同产地的姬松茸子实体,经过微波消解后,采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法(ICP- OES)、原子吸收光谱法(AAS)和原子荧光光谱法(AFS)测定了其中Ag,Al,As,Au,B,Ba,Bi,Ca,Cd,Cr,Co,Cu,Fe,Hg,K,La,Mg,Mn,Mo,Na,M,P,Pb,Rb,S,Sb,Se,Sn,Sr,Ti,V和Zn等32种元素的含量,并用高效液相色谱和电感耦合等离子质谱联用技术(HPLC-ICP-MS)分析了其中Hg元素的形态.另外,还探讨了Cu,Zn,Ag,Cd,Hg及一些相关元素在姬松茸子实体不同部位的分布特征.研究表明:与一些常见种类的大型真菌相比,姬松茸对Cu,Zn,Ag,Cd,Hg具有较强的累积能力,累积的Hg主要以Hg~(2 )形态存在,CH_3Hg~ 占总Hg比例在15%以下.Cu,Zn,Ag,Cd和Hg在姬松茸子实体不同部位的分布特征为:从菌柄下部到上部、从菌盖中心到边缘元素含量逐渐增加;P有助于提高姬松茸对Cu,Zn,Ag,Cd,Hg的累积能力,而Ca似乎起拮抗作用.     

Comparison of photoelectrochemical properties of TiO2-nanotube-array photoanode prepared by anodization in different electrolyte

Self-organized, well-crystallized and high aspect-ratio TiO₂ nanotube arrays (TNAs) have been prepared by anodic oxidation in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) containing 5 wt% HF at 40 V (vs. Pt). A 50 h anodization results in a nanotube arrays approximately 19.4 μm in length, referred as long tube. As a comparison, the short titania nanotube arrays, about 500 nm in length, was obtained by anodization in HF aqueous solution, referred as short tube. Different characterization techniques (viz. FESEM, TEM, XRD and DRS) are used to study the nanotubular microstructure. The morphology of the nanotube electrodes shows an evident influence on their photocatalytic (PC) and photoelectrochemical reactivity. The long tube reveals enhanced photocurrent response and PC degradation efficiency of organic compounds. The kinetic constant of PC degradation of methylic orange (MO) for long tube electrode is found 1.55 times as high as the short tube. A significant photoelectrochemcial synergetic effect in MO degradation was observed on the long tube electrode and the photoelectrocatalytic (PEC) degradation of MO on long tube is 27% higher than its PC process.     

松嫩平原玉米带农田表层土壤有机碳储量和固碳潜力研究

农田土壤有机碳储量和固碳潜力是陆地碳循环和全球气候变化研究中的一个重要问题。论文基于第二次土壤普查数据和实地取样数据,利用土壤类型法估算松嫩平原玉米带农田表层土壤有机碳储量,分析4个县市(德惠市、九台市、农安县、公主岭市)农田表层土壤碳库的饱和水平和固碳潜力,比较旱田与水田土壤固碳潜力的差异。结果表明,1980-2005年间,松嫩平原玉米带农田土壤有机碳储量增加了7.20 TgC。各县市农田土壤碳库的饱和水平以德惠市最大,为4.11 kgC·m^-2,九台市次之,公主岭市最低,为3.14 kgC·m^-2。假设在1980年土地利用方式、耕作措施、施肥水平和气候条件不变的情况下,估算得到松嫩平原玉米带农田土壤的固碳潜力为8.17 TgC。从单位面积固碳潜力看,九台市最高,为0.77 kgC·m^-2,农安县次之,德惠市和公主岭市均低于松嫩平原玉米带。松嫩平原玉米带旱田和水田土壤碳库的饱和水平基本持平。     

臭氧-生物活性炭系统处理印染废水低温启动研究

为探讨低温条件下臭氧-生物活性炭系统处理印染废水的挂膜启动方法,采用臭氧氧化、活性炭吸附、生物氧化、活性炭生物再生共同作用,对印染废水二级处理出水进行深度处理。实验结果表明:低温条件虽然延长了系统的挂膜启动时间,但不影响挂膜质量,22 d后挂膜启动完毕,浊度、色度、COD去除率分别为68.76%、73.2%、60%,出水水质良好且稳定。     

金矿区中国林蛙体内DNA甲基化水平

采集金矿附近山区河流水质、沉积物和当地两栖类动物中国林蛙样品,应用高效液相色谱仪测定污染区和对照区林蛙体内各组织器官的胞嘧啶(c)和5-甲基胞嘧啶(5-mc)含量,探讨因金矿开采引起的汞污染以及对林蛙体内组织器官DNA甲基化水平的变化,研究汞胁迫下,两栖类动物体内分子水平的影响。结果表明:金矿开采区河流水质和沉积物已受到甲基汞污染,污染区林蛙体内甲基汞含量远高于对照区;林蛙体内各组织器官中DNA甲基化水平发生不同的变化:污染区林蛙肝脏和皮肤中DNA甲基化水平高于对照区,肌肉和脑干DNA甲基化水平低于对照区;雄性林蛙肝脏和脑干DNA甲基化水平高于雌性,肌肉和皮肤DNA甲基化水平却低于雌性。以上结果说明汞胁迫下,中国林蛙体内组织器官DNA甲基化水平可以发生一定的变化,环境中重金属汞离子进入林蛙体内含量的不同,可以促进或抑制其体内甲基化水平的变化,引起基因毒性作用。     

垃圾分类迫在眉睫

当一个国家的经济发展到一定程度的时候,如何处理各类垃圾就成为政府部门必须要解决的大问题,也是比较头疼的问题。     

Future solutions for the treatment and disposal of hazardous wastes in China

The current status of the treatment and disposal of hazardous wastes in China is summarized on the basis of the results of the Declaring and Registration Project initiated nationally in 1995. A principle framework for the sound management of hazardous wastes is proposed, which includes three levels of technical solutions. Large-scale enterprises are encouraged to recycle, to treat, and to dispose of wastes by means of constructing facilities, and to have their extra capacities available to the public for a reasonable fee. Municipal governments, provincial governments, and the Central Government are to plan and construct centralized facilities to recycle, treat, and dispose of wastes. For a solution at the manufacturing level, recycling is identified as the main approach. Centralized facilities at the municipal level will mainly focus on special wastes that are unsuitable to transport and store, such as hospital waste, and for the technical solution at this level, incineration and recycling are identified as the main approaches. For the technical solution at the provincial and national levels, landfill and incineration are identified as the main approaches. Based on this principle and the current available data on hazardous wastes, a preliminary plan for the spatial distribution of cross-provincial centralized treatment and disposal facilities of hazardous wastes is presented. The construction of approximately nine cross-provincial comprehensive facilities is proposed. A priority list for the construction of these planned facilities is also presented.     

Phosalone applied to cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.): its deposition and persistence on foliages, soils and final residues in seeds

Phosalone, O,O-diethyl-S-(6-chloro-1,3-benzoxazol-2(3H)-onyl)methyl phosphorodithioate, was field-applied by ground equipment to cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) at the rates of 1050 and 2100 g a.i./ha, respectively, to determine its dissipation on leaves and soils and the residues in seeds at harvest. The insecticide concentrations on cotton leaves and soils were measured periodically for 14 days following its application. It was found that the half lives of the insecticide on cotton leaves at the dosages of 1050 and 2100 g a.i./ha were 6.8 and 6.3 days, respectively. And the half lives on soils for the 2 dosages were 7 and 5.8 days, respectively. The residues remaining in soils at harvest time were 0.072 and 0.121 mg/kg 14 days post-application and the residues in cotton seeds were relatively low (less than 0.02-0.12 mg/kg).