煤渣填料固定化菌膜处理餐厅污水

以煤渣为填料,采用人工筛选优势菌挂膜固定化技术和直流式供水送风形式,对酒家、宾馆的餐厅污水进行生物接触氧化处理,COD和BOD的去除率可>90％,处理后排放水质可稳定达到COD≤100mg·1~(-1),BOD≤30mg·1~(-1),SS≤30mg·1~(-1),NH_3—N≤15mg·1~(-1)。推广应用结果表明,具有显著的经济效益和环境效益。     

农药污染环境质量评价

本文根据计算排毒系数的方法确定了主要污染源和污染物,又根据食入、饮进、呼吸等量建立了权重系统,由此而计算了中国不同农业区域的污染指数。结果表明,重污染区集中在长江、黄河流域的粮、棉产区,而且我国农业环境中BHC、DDT污染程度是向南或向北逐渐减弱。     

加强装备环境工程管理提高装备环境适应性

根据国内外装备环境工程管理的现状,分析了我国装备研制生产中在环境工程认识、试验质量、试验手段及专业技术队伍等方面存在的问题和不足.针对问题,提出装备的环境工程管理在体系和专业试验室建设、环境试验技术、基础理论和新技术研究与应用、人才培养等方面的改进建议.     

闽江河口湿地土壤对痕量元素吸附-解吸特征及其对pH值变化的响应

选择闽江河口鳝鱼滩的芦苇湿地、短叶茳芏湿地及二者交错带湿地为对象，研究了湿地土壤痕量元素的吸附-解吸特征及其对pH值变化的响应.结果表明，3种湿地土壤对Cr⁶⁺、Ni²⁺和Cd²⁺的吸附能力及其对Cr⁶⁺和Ni²⁺的最大缓冲容量均表现为短叶茳芏湿地低于交错带湿地和芦苇湿地；对Cu²⁺和Zn²⁺的吸附能力和最大缓冲容量在0~30 cm土层均以芦苇湿地较高，而在30~60 cm土层以短叶茳芏湿地较高.导致3种湿地土壤对痕量元素吸附能力差异的原因主要与土壤颗粒组成和pH值的差异有关.Langmuir吸附等温方程可较好地拟合湿地土壤吸附Cr⁶⁺、Ni²⁺、Cu²⁺、Zn²⁺和Cd²⁺的热力学过程（R²≥0.82）.3种湿地土壤中Cr⁶⁺、Ni²⁺、Cu²⁺、Zn²⁺和Cd²⁺的解吸量均随吸附量的增加而增加，二者呈显著正相关（p<0.05或p<0.01），且其解吸过程均存在滞后现象，说明吸附过程的作用力较解吸过程强.随着pH值的增加，3种湿地土壤对Cr⁶⁺的吸附量均呈波动降低变化，对Ni²⁺、Cu²⁺、Zn²⁺和Cd²⁺的吸附量整体均呈增加趋势；而Cr⁶⁺、Cu²⁺、Zn²⁺和Cd²⁺的解吸量对pH值变化的响应与之相反.研究显示，在未来闽江河口硫酸型酸沉降发生频次增加的情况下，相对于短叶茳芏湿地，芦苇湿地和交错带湿地对Ni²⁺、Cu²⁺、Zn²⁺和Cd²⁺的吸附量将大幅降低，而解吸量将有所增加，说明Ni²⁺、Cu²⁺、Zn²⁺和Cd²⁺将更易游离于这两种湿地的土壤孔隙水中，进而可能增加其对植物或土壤生物的生态毒性风险.     

基于机器学习的电热防除冰表面温度变化趋势预测

针对飞机部件周期控制律电加热防除冰的应用,提出基于机器学习以预测电加热防除冰表面温度的变化趋势.依靠大型结冰风洞及其电加热防除冰控制系统完成防除冰试验,获得有效的试验数据,以通、断电周期为分割单元,将试验数据划分成验证集和训练集.根据电热防除冰过程的换热情况,构建样本的特征参数,利用机器学习的有监督学习方式,选择KNN近邻回归算法和局部线性加权回归算法预测温度变化率,再转换为温度,得到的温度变化与测量数据的线性相关性达到80％以上的高相似度结果,表明使用机器学习可快速预测电热防除冰部件的表面温度变化趋势,且不同的回归算法针对模型不同测温点位置的预测效果存在差异.     

气单胞菌SH10吸附银离子机制的研究

以气单胞菌SH10为生物吸附材料,从静电吸附作用、离子交换作用、络合作用、沉淀作用几方面研究了SH10吸附Ag 过程可能存在的作用机制.结果表明,气单胞菌SH10吸附银离子依赖于静电吸附作用;吸附Ag 前后溶液中Na 、K 、Mg2 浓度的变化较小,说明吸附过程中离子交换不明显;SH10表面的羧基、氨基和脂类基团经化学屏蔽后,对Ag 的吸附量明显下降,结合红外光谱分析结果,确定酰胺基CO-NH为SH10与银离子发生络合作用的主要官能团;电镜扫描结果表明,SH10在吸附过程中可以和Ag 形成沉淀沉积在细胞表面.     

PH玻璃电极对比观测及误差研究

经过对PH玻璃电极对比观测实验，总结其在日常观测中衰减变化规律，以及PH电极失效前所具有的特征；讨论了对现有PH观测数据进行修正的方法，并编著相关修正程序；分析日常存在的测量误差，提出提高观测精度的措施。     

Dissipation of epoxiconazole in the paddy field under subtropical conditions of Taiwan

The environmental fate and distribution of fungicide epoxiconazole were studied by a rice paddy field model ecosystem. One week before the head-sprouting stage, rice plant was treated separately once with OPUS (tradename of epoxiconazole) 12% SC 2.1 kg ha(-1) and 1.4 kg ha(-1), respectively. Soil, water and rice plant were sampled seven days intervals nine times after application. The bioconcentration factor of epoxiconazole on mosquito fish in the ecosystem was also determined, based on the amounts of epoxiconazole content both in fish and water. This was initiated one day after the fungicide treatment, and continued for four days. In addition, the residue of epoxiconazole in rice grains was analyzed after harvest. After harvest, both planted water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica Forsk) and edible amaranth (Amaranthus mangostanüs L.) were analyzed. The results showed that epoxiconazole degraded in the local environment under the experimental conditions described. The degradation equations were in accordance with the first order kinetics. The DT50 of soil, field water and rice plant were 20-69 days, 11-20 days and 14-39 days, respectively. The bioconcentration factors of epoxiconazole on mosquito fish were 12.9 and 10.6 from 2.1 kg ha(-1) and 1.4 kg ha(-1) treatment, respectively. Residues of epoxiconazole in both rice and harvest vegetables were non-detectable. This indicates that epoxiconazole applied to rice at the recommended rates and application frequencies will not accumulate on rice grain and successive cropping vegetables.     

Quick determination of malodor-causing fatty acids in manure by capillary electrophoresis

The analysis of odor components in livestock waste has been extensively studied. Past research has identified volatile fatty acids, especially from C3 to C6, as indicators of malodor. Originally, the odorous components were analyzed by gas chromatography after a tedious absorption and troublesome extraction procedure or by a subjectively olfactory system or sense of smell. Thus, there is a need for the development of highly specific, quantitative analytical methods. In this research, a comprehensive liquid manure analysis approach-capillary electrophoresis (CE) with a systematic optimization procedure-was adopted to measure the concentration of propanoic acid (C2H5COOH, C3), butyric acid (C3H7COOH, C4), valeric acid (C4H9COOH, C5) and caproic acid (C5H11COOH, C6) in swine manure. Liquid samples after filtration were injected into CE directly. The following condition is finally proposed: fused-silica capillary, effective length 40 cm, 50 microm I.D.; buffer, 20 mM Tris and 10 mM p-anisate, pH 8.0; voltage 30 kV; temperature 25 degrees C. The results showed that CE provided a quantitative analysis of volatile fatty acids in liquid manure at the ppm level with minimum sample needed (nanoliter). Moreover, the use of CE is a timesaving technique; one measurement for the separation of those VFAs could be completed within 10 min.     

Characterization of metal adsorption kinetic properties in batch and fixed-bed reactors

Copper adsorption kinetic properties in batch and fixed-bed reactors were studied in this paper. The isothermal adsorption experiments showed that the copper adsorption capacity of a granular activated carbon (Filtrasorb 200) increased when ionic strength was higher. The presence of EDTA diminished the adsorption. An intraparticle diffusion model and a fixed-bed model were successfully used to describe the batch kinetic and fixed-bed operation behaviors. The kinetics became faster when the solution pH was not controlled, implying that the surface precipitation caused some metal uptake. The external mass transfer coefficient, the diffusivity and the dispersion coefficient were obtained from the modeling. It was found that both external mass transfer and dispersion coefficients increased when the flow rate was higher. Finally effects of kinetic parameters on simulation of fixed-bed operation were conducted.