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191.
Classical sampling methods often miss important components of coral reef biodiversity, notably organisms that remain sheltered
within the coral matrix. Recent studies using sea kraits (sea snakes) as bio-indicators suggest that the guild of predators
represented by anguilliform fish (Congridae, Muraenidae, Ophichthidae, henceforth “eels” for simplicity) were far more abundant
and diverse than previously suspected. In the current study, eel diversity (similarity and species richness indices) estimated
via sea snake sampling (SSS) was compared among six areas of one of the main oceanic biodiversity hotspot of the Pacific Ocean
(southwest lagoon of New Caledonia). Based on the eel diversity in the snakes’ diet, the results obtained in six areas, in
two snake species, and using different estimates (ANOSIM, Shannon index…) were consistent, suggesting that SSS provided robust
information. Analyses also suggested subtle, albeit significant, differences in the eel assemblages among islets. Such spatial
differences are discussed in light of local management practices. As SSS is easy to use, cost-effective, and provides the
best picture of eel assemblages to date, it can be employed to monitor the eel assemblages in addition to the snakes themselves
in many areas of the Indo-Pacific Ocean, thereby providing an index of the top predator biodiversity of many coral reefs. 相似文献
192.
Composition of plastics from waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) by direct sampling 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
This paper describes a direct analysis study carried out in a recycling unit for waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) in Portugal to characterize the plastic constituents of WEEE. Approximately 3400 items, including cooling appliances, small WEEE, printers, copying equipment, central processing units, cathode ray tube (CRT) monitors and CRT televisions were characterized, with the analysis finding around 6000 kg of plastics with several polymer types. The most common polymers are polystyrene, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene, polycarbonate blends, high-impact polystyrene and polypropylene. Additives to darken color are common contaminants in these plastics when used in CRT televisions and small WEEE. These additives can make plastic identification difficult, along with missing polymer identification and flame retardant identification marks. These drawbacks contribute to the inefficiency of manual dismantling of WEEE, which is the typical recycling process in Portugal. The information found here can be used to set a baseline for the plastics recycling industry and provide information for ecodesign in electrical and electronic equipment production. 相似文献
193.
Sophie Grima Véronique Bellon-Maurel Pierre Feuilloley Françoise Silvestre 《Journal of Polymers and the Environment》2000,8(4):183-195
During the last few years, biodegradable polymers have been developed to replace petrochemical polymers. Until now, research devoted to these polymers essentially focused on their biodegradability. There is now a need to bear out their nontoxicity. To verify this, the biodegradation must be carried out in accelerated laboratory tests which allow the metabolites and residues to be recovered. To reproduce the natural conditions (compost, field) as closely as possible, degradation experiments must be run on solid-state substrates. We review studies of aerobic degradation in solid-state substrates. This article focuses in particular on the environmental, physical, and chemical parameters (such as substrate nature, moisture, temperature, C/N ratio, and pH) that influence biodegradation kinetics. This study also aims at finding the solid substrate most adapted to residues and metabolite recovery. The most significant parameters would appear to be the substrate type, moisture content, and temperature. Inert substrates such as vermiculite are well suited to residue extraction. This review also opens the field to new research aimed at optimizing conditions for aerobic solid-state biodegradation and at recovering the metabolites and residues of this degradation process. 相似文献
194.
Assessments of risk to biodiversity often rely on spatial distributions of species and ecosystems. Range‐size metrics used extensively in these assessments, such as area of occupancy (AOO), are sensitive to measurement scale, prompting proposals to measure them at finer scales or at different scales based on the shape of the distribution or ecological characteristics of the biota. Despite its dominant role in red‐list assessments for decades, appropriate spatial scales of AOO for predicting risks of species’ extinction or ecosystem collapse remain untested and contentious. There are no quantitative evaluations of the scale‐sensitivity of AOO as a predictor of risks, the relationship between optimal AOO scale and threat scale, or the effect of grid uncertainty. We used stochastic simulation models to explore risks to ecosystems and species with clustered, dispersed, and linear distribution patterns subject to regimes of threat events with different frequency and spatial extent. Area of occupancy was an accurate predictor of risk (0.81<|r|<0.98) and performed optimally when measured with grid cells 0.1–1.0 times the largest plausible area threatened by an event. Contrary to previous assertions, estimates of AOO at these relatively coarse scales were better predictors of risk than finer‐scale estimates of AOO (e.g., when measurement cells are <1% of the area of the largest threat). The optimal scale depended on the spatial scales of threats more than the shape or size of biotic distributions. Although we found appreciable potential for grid‐measurement errors, current IUCN guidelines for estimating AOO neutralize geometric uncertainty and incorporate effective scaling procedures for assessing risks posed by landscape‐scale threats to species and ecosystems. 相似文献
195.
Umar Ibrahim Khalil Nourani Vahid Gökçekuş Hüseyin 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2021,28(36):49663-49677
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Accuracy in the prediction of the particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10) concentration in the atmosphere is essential for both its monitoring and... 相似文献
196.
197.
Françoise Serville Paule Benit Pascale Saugier Mireille Vibert Ghislaine Royer Anna Pelet Michèle Chery Arnold Munnich Stanislas Lyonnet 《黑龙江环境通报》1993,13(6):435-439
X-linked hydrocephalus-stenosis of the aqueduct of Sylvius sequence (H-SAS, MIM number 307 000) is a rare genetic disorder characterized by hydrocephalus, macrocephaly, adducted thumbs, spasticity, mental retardation, and cerebral malformations. This regularly lethal condition is usually diagnosed at birth or prenatally by ultrasound, but hydrocephalus may be moderate or even undetectable on fetal ultrasound examination. Moreover, since heterozygous women are asymptomatic, carrier detection is at present impossible before the birth of an affected son. Therefore, mapping the H-SAS locus to distal Xq (Xq28) was of primary importance for genetic counselling and prenatal diagnosis. Here, we report prenatal exclusion of H-SAS with a probability of 97.6 per cent in two male fetuses with a 50 per cent a priori risk of being affected using closely linked Xq28 DNA markers. 相似文献
198.
I. S. Tadžer 《Die Naturwissenschaften》1961,48(15):527-527
199.
200.