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941.
Levels and trends of polybrominated diphenylethers and other brominated flame retardants in wildlife 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
Law RJ Alaee M Allchin CR Boon JP Lebeuf M Lepom P Stern GA 《Environment international》2003,29(6):757-770
In this paper, we review the available data for polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs) and other flame retardants in wildlife, with the exception of fishes from Europe and North America which are covered in more detail elsewhere. More data are available for PBDEs than for other compounds, and these show that some of these compounds have become widely distributed in the environment, being found in samples from Europe, Australia, Azerbaijan, North America and the Arctic. Most available data relate to birds and their eggs and marine mammals, but the results of two food web studies are also included. The detection of PBDEs in pelagic marine mammals which feed in deep offshore waters, including baleen whales, indicate that these compounds have found their way into deep-water, oceanic food webs as well as the coastal/shallow sea examples described in detail. In the North Sea study, the most marked increase in lipid-normalised concentrations of six BDE congeners occurred during transfer from predatory fish to marine mammals. In the St. Lawrence Estuary study, marked differences in the ratios observed between species suggested that some fish species may be able to metabolise BDE99.A number of time trend studies have also been conducted, notably in guillemot eggs from Sweden (1969-2000), beluga whales from the Canadian Arctic (1982-1997 and 1989-2001) and from the St. Lawrence Estuary (1988-1999), and ringed seals from the Canadian Arctic (1981-2000). In the temperate latitudes, from these and other studies (e.g. in dated sediment cores), PBDE concentrations began to rise earlier than in those from high latitudes, in line with data for production and use. These trends have now slowed in many cases. Declines could be expected in Europe for many congeners following the cessation of manufacture and use of the penta-mix formulation in the EU, though these are not yet apparent in environmental samples. In Arctic biota, however, the rapidly rising concentrations seen currently in Canada could be expected to continue for some time, reflecting continued production and use of the penta-mix formulation in North America (>95% of the world total) and the impact of long-range atmospheric transport. 相似文献
942.
Peter Newman 《Local Environment》1998,3(3):299-311
Sustainability requires innovation that involves a series of demonstrations at the local level usually seen as merely symbolic gestures. However, when tested and found to fulfil sustainability objectives, then the opportunity is available for such innovations to be mainstreamed, though often there are major obstacles to such mainstreaming. This paper examines innovations from around the world in Ecological Urban Renewal, Green Accounting, Transit Oriented Development, 'Car-Free' City Design, New Urbanist Design, and Organic City Processes. It suggests that there are many signs of hope in the emerging innovations. Mainstreaming, however, will require visionary planning, new manuals and training of professionals, and a deep commitment to democracy at the grass roots to overcome entrenched positions and institutions. The role of local government in these innovations is critical. 相似文献
943.
Spermophilus townsendii ) prey. These changes could occur directly or as a result of changes in the vegetation available as food and cover for the
ground squirrels. We assessed the effects of long-term tracking by armored vehicles by comparing 9-ha areas in sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata) -dominated shrubsteppe and bluegrass (Poa secunda) -dominated grasslands subjected to low-intensity tracking for ∼50 years with others that had not been tracked. We did not
detect any effect on ground squirrel population dynamics associated with long-term tracking. Although densities of adults
and juveniles tended to be higher in the areas exposed to such tracking, we attribute this difference to other factors that
varied spatially. To determine short-term (two-year) effects, we experimentally tracked two sagebrush and two grassland sites
with an M-1 tank after animals had begun their inactive season. In the following two active seasons we monitored squirrel
demography and behavior and vegetative characteristics on the experimentally tracked sites and compared the results with control
sites. Although we experimentally tracked ∼33% of the surface of each of four sites where ground squirrel densities were assessed,
the tracking had a detectable effect only on some herbaceous perennials and did not influence ground squirrel densities or
behavior significantly during the subsequent two active seasons. We conclude that tracking after the start of the inactive
season is likely to influence ground squirrel demography or behavior only if vegetation cover is substantially changed by
decreasing coverage of preferred food plants or increasing the coverage of annual grasses and forbs that are succulent for
only a short time each year. 相似文献
944.
Peter Dickens Peter Simmons Philip Steinberg Kenneth Button Stephen McAndrews Mary Anderson Joyce Liddle David Martin Jason Palmer Michael Woodin 《Local Environment》1997,2(1):95-109
Our Stolen Future. How man-made chemicals are threatening our fertility, intelligence and survival. T. Colborn, J. P. Myers & D. Dumanoski, 1996, Boston, Little, Brown, 306 pp. ISBN 0 316 87546, £18.99
Environmental Sociology: a social constructionist perspective. John Hannigan, 1995, London, Routledge, ISBN 0 415 112 559, £12.99
Citizen Science: a study of people, expertise and sustainable development. Alan Irwin, 1995, London, Routledge, ISBN 0 415 130 107, £13.99
The True Costs of Road Transport. David Maddison, David Pearce, Olof Johansson, Edward Calthrop, Todd Litman & Eric Verhoef, 1996, London, Earthscan, 242 pp. ISBN 185 383 2685, £10.95
Car Dependence: a report for the RAC Foundation for Motoring and the Environment. RAC Foundation for Motoring and the Environment, 1995, London, 154 pp. ISBN 086211355 5
Local Sustainability: turning sustainable development into practical action in our communities. Roger Few (Ed.), Leicester Environment City Trust, 1996, Leicester, Environ Trust, 100 pp., £28.00, [Available from: Environ Parkfield, Western Park, Leicester, LE3 6HX, UK]
Successful Environment Management in a Week. Mark Yoxon, 1996, London, Hodder & Stoughton, 96 pp. ISBN 0 340 66374 X, £6.99
Principles of Environmental and Resource Economics. H. Folmer, H. Landis Gabel & H. Opschoor (Eds), 1995, Aldershot, Edward Elgar, 512 pp. ISBN 1 85898 224 3, £85.00
The Contingent Valuation of Environmental Resources: methodological issues and research needs. David Bjornstad & James R. Khan (Eds), 1996, Cheltenham, UK and Brookfield USA, Edward Elgar, ISBN 1 858983215
Towards Sustainability. Peter Martin & Colin Hutchinson, 1996, London, Office for Public Management, £5.45
Conservation and the Consumer: understanding environmental concern. Paul Hackett, 1995, London, Routledge, 229 pp. ISBN 0 415 08096 7, £45.00 相似文献
Environmental Sociology: a social constructionist perspective. John Hannigan, 1995, London, Routledge, ISBN 0 415 112 559, £12.99
Citizen Science: a study of people, expertise and sustainable development. Alan Irwin, 1995, London, Routledge, ISBN 0 415 130 107, £13.99
The True Costs of Road Transport. David Maddison, David Pearce, Olof Johansson, Edward Calthrop, Todd Litman & Eric Verhoef, 1996, London, Earthscan, 242 pp. ISBN 185 383 2685, £10.95
Car Dependence: a report for the RAC Foundation for Motoring and the Environment. RAC Foundation for Motoring and the Environment, 1995, London, 154 pp. ISBN 086211355 5
Local Sustainability: turning sustainable development into practical action in our communities. Roger Few (Ed.), Leicester Environment City Trust, 1996, Leicester, Environ Trust, 100 pp., £28.00, [Available from: Environ Parkfield, Western Park, Leicester, LE3 6HX, UK]
Successful Environment Management in a Week. Mark Yoxon, 1996, London, Hodder & Stoughton, 96 pp. ISBN 0 340 66374 X, £6.99
Principles of Environmental and Resource Economics. H. Folmer, H. Landis Gabel & H. Opschoor (Eds), 1995, Aldershot, Edward Elgar, 512 pp. ISBN 1 85898 224 3, £85.00
The Contingent Valuation of Environmental Resources: methodological issues and research needs. David Bjornstad & James R. Khan (Eds), 1996, Cheltenham, UK and Brookfield USA, Edward Elgar, ISBN 1 858983215
Towards Sustainability. Peter Martin & Colin Hutchinson, 1996, London, Office for Public Management, £5.45
Conservation and the Consumer: understanding environmental concern. Paul Hackett, 1995, London, Routledge, 229 pp. ISBN 0 415 08096 7, £45.00 相似文献
945.
Many current audit programs are very good at determining the compliance issues at a site, but are less successful in developing long-term compliance solutions. One method for addressing these issues is the use of root cause analysis techniques. These techniques allow the facility to identify and focus on permanent solutions to compliance issues. The authors note the following: Conducting a root cause analysis is not a substantial burden on the audit team or the facility. Most information is already collected during the audit, but is not being used. Looking at the overview pattern of the root cause analysis can provide a picture of the maturity of your audit program. Pareto charts are excellent methods to convey the results of your analysis. They show both the trends of analysis and help highlight the most significant root causes. 相似文献
946.
Peter N. Lodal Jonathan L. Mahanes John M. Calvert Joseph M. Keel 《Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries》1995,8(6):331-341
Conventional vacuum relief methodologies are usually protective responses; that is, they accomplish their purpose by substitution of an inert gas (usually nitrogen) for the process gases removed by an external vacuum source, or for condensable vapour collapsed by an internal process mechanism (e.g. condensation). While this approach is theoretically possible for all potential vacuum scenarios, it becomes practically impossible to implement for installations where a rapid phase change can impart near-instantaneous system pressure reductions. The procedure outlined in this paper takes a preventive approach: eliminate the source of vacuum generation before the safe lower system pressure limit is reached. For distillation and other refluxing systems, this vacuum source is usually the main overhead condenser, which is designed to collapse large volumes of condensable vapour. To eliminate the vacuum source requires elimination of the system's ability to rapidly condense vapour. This goal is accomplished by introduction of inert gas directly into the condensing system to ‘blanket’ the heat transfer surface and stop condensation. The procedure determines the rate, amount and location for introduction of inert gas. The required design data include: (i) system starting pressure, (ii) maximum allowable system vacuum, (iii) volume of the condensing system, and (iv) normal system condensing rate. By determining the rate at which the condenser removes vapour volume from the system, and designing an inert gas delivery system to meet or exceed this rate, the vacuum generation potential of the system is effectively eliminated using a much smaller quantity of inert gas than with the more traditional volume substitution methods. 相似文献
947.
Dr Peter H. Hansen 《The Environmentalist》1995,15(4):252-256
Worcester Polytechnic Institute's (WPI) unique academic plan enables students to study sustainable development and the environment as part of an international educational experience. As a technological university, WPI requires students to complete an interdisciplinary project on the interaction of science or technology and society. This paper describes the environmental projects completed by WPI students, in Bangkok, Venice and Guayaquil. The lessons from WPI's experience provide a model for environmental education at other institutions. These interdisciplinary projects not only promote environmental awareness among students, but they also provide tangible assistance to regions which are developing strategies for sustainable development. 相似文献
948.
Peter E. Black 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1995,31(4):589-592
ABSTRACT: The uneven temporal and spatial distribution of water on the Earth suggests an important role for the portion of the resource that is not directly used by humans. By extension, an important underlying theory about world-wide resource distribution and function is inferred. Policies that control resource preservation and development need to take this theory into account. Some examples for the water resource are presented. 相似文献
949.
William D. Sanville H. Peter Eilers Theodore R. Boss Thomas G. Pfleeger 《Environmental management》1986,10(1):125-134
Wetland environmental characteristics are examined to determine their spatial and temporal relationships. Two very different Oregon freshwater wetlands provided a range of wetland types. Results are evaluated to determine the possible use of environmental characteristics in defining wetlands and their boundaries. Representative physical, hydrological, and edaphic properties were periodically measured in microplots along upland/wetland transects. A multivariate approach is stressed in the data analysis; correlation, cluster analysis, and principal components analyses were used. The results indicate the environmental characteristics change in a quantifiable manner both spatially and temporally. The controlling mechanism is moisture, spatially in terms of the upland/wetland transect and temporally with respect to seasonal response. These changes do not correlate well with vegetation. Several hypotheses are offered as an explanation. Correlation within environmental characteristics is variable but definite patterns are discernible. These data suggest both single and combinations of environmental characteristics that could serve as keys in wetland identification and boundary determination. However, before extensive use is made of this information additional long-term monitoring of wetland environmental characteristics will be required. 相似文献
950.
Stephen K. Sorenson John L. Riggs Peter D. Dileanis Thomas J. Suk 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1986,22(5):843-845
ABSTRACT: A water-sampling apparatus used for the isolation and detection of Giardia cysts in water has been designed and tested. The sampling apparatus uses one of a variety of pumps or waterline pressure to move water through a filter. Two of the optional pumps are lightweight enough to make the apparatus portable and thus suitable for sampling in remote areas. This technique of sample processing produces good cyst recovery in much less time than is required with previously established methods. Giardia cysts are identified using direct immunofluorescence. 相似文献