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961.
The US Environmental Protection Agency recently completed two regulatory negotiation demonstrations. These demonstrations suggest that the current EPA rule-making process could be improved through the introduction of face-to-face negotiation at the earliest stages of rulemaking. In the demonstrations, EPA (1) relied on a consensus building process to forestall litigation after the promulgation of the final rule; (2) Used a nonpartisan facilitator to convene the negotiations; (3) Defined criteria to determine which parties should be represented in the negotiation. From the perspective of participants, the negotiating consensus version of a draft regulation is a successful alternative to the traditional rulemaking process. It is still too soon to say negotiated rulemaking significantly reduces the likelihood of ligitation. The results of the demonstration indicate that it is possible for either an agency employee or a neutral outsider to facilitate the sessions. A successful negotiation also requires top level agency support as well as the confidence of the environmental community. The single most important outcome of the negotiations was that the participants developed a greater understanding of the interests of the other parties. The demonstrations also suggest possible changes in future regulatory negotiations. 相似文献
962.
Dedecker AP Goethals PL D'heygere T Gevrey M Lek S De Pauw N 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2005,111(1-3):223-241
This study aimed at analysing the relationship between river characteristics and abundance of Gammarus pulex. To this end, four methods which can identify the relative contribution and/or the contribution profile of the input variables
in neural networks describing the habitat preferences of this species were compared: (i) the ‘PaD‘ (‘Partial Derivatives‘)
method consists of a calculation of the partial derivatives of the output in relation to the input variables; (ii) the ‘Weights‘method
is a computation using the connection weights of the backpropagation Artificial Neural Networks; (iii) the ‘Perturb‘method
analyses the effect of a perturbation of the input variables on the output variable; (iv) the ‘Profile‘ method is a successive
variation of one input variable while the others are kept constant at a fixed set of values. The dataset consisted of 179
samples, collected over a three-year period in the Zwalm river basin in Flanders, Belgium. Twenty-four environmental variables
as well as the log-transformed abundance of Gammarus pulex were used in this study. The different contribution methods gave similar results concerning the order of importance of the
input variables. Moreover, the stability of the methods was confirmed by gradually removing variables. Only in a limited number
of cases a shift in the relative importance of the remaining input variables could be observed. Nevertheless, differences
in sensitivity and stability of the methods were detected, probably as a result of the different calculation procedures. In
this respect, the ‘PaD‘method made a more severe discrimination between minor and major contributing environmental variables
in comparison to the ‘Weights‘, ‘Profile‘ and ‘Perturb‘ methods. From an ecological point of view, the input variables ‘Ammonium‘
and to a smaller extent ‘COD‘, were selected by these methods as dominant river characteristics for the prediction of the
abundance of Gammarus pulex in this study area. 相似文献
963.
Soeroes C Goessler W Francesconi KA Schmeisser E Raml R Kienzl N Kahn M Fodor P Kuehnelt D 《Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM》2005,7(7):688-692
In contrast to the large body of data on naturally-occurring arsenic compounds in marine organisms, relatively little is known about arsenic speciation in freshwater biota. We report an investigation using HPLC-ICPMS into the arsenic compounds in five species of freshwater mussels collected from five sites from the Danube in Hungary. Total arsenic concentrations in the mussels ranged from 3.8-12.8 mg As kg(-1). The arsenic speciation patterns were broadly similar for mussels representing each of the five species and five sites, but quite different from those reported for marine mussels. The major extractable arsenicals were two oxo arsenosugars (glycerol sugar and phosphate sugar), and their thio analogues (thio glycerol sugar and thio phosphate sugar). Arsenobetaine, usually the major arsenical in marine organisms, was not a significant compound in the freshwater mussels and was detected in only three of the 11 samples. This is the first report of thio arsenosugars in freshwater biota and suggests that these compounds may be common and widespread naturally-occurring arsenicals. 相似文献
964.
Tedesco M Bohlen WF Howard-Strobel MM Cohen DR Tebeau PA 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2003,81(1-3):35-42
A network of five water quality monitoring stations has been established in Long Island Sound, measuring temperature, salinity, and dissolved oxygen since 1999. The stations are located in areas of extreme water quality degradation (western Long Island Sound) as well as in pristine areas (eastern Long Island Sound). The data from these stations are collected every 15 minutes and posted to the project web site in real time as provisional data. After subsequent quality assurance procedures, the data are archived to the project File Transfer Protocol (FSP) site for downloading by the user community. The network of stations is in part supported logistically by a number of partners, including state and local agencies, schools, and non-governmental organizations. Data from the monitoring programs of some of these partners are also published to the project website providing a more comprehensive and complete picture of the status of the Sound than can be provided independently. This repository of information is used by marine educators, resource managers, scientists, and the general public, each with a different end purpose. We use the data from two of the stations to show that these high frequency time series measurements can be used to complement and enhance other monitoring programs within the Sound, documenting in greater detail the occurrence and duration of hypoxic events. 相似文献
965.
Klaus Eisenack Juergen Scheffran Juergen Peter Kropp 《Environmental Modeling and Assessment》2006,11(1):69-79
The pressure on marine renewable resources has rapidly increased over past decades. The resulting scarcity has led to a variety
of different control and surveillance instruments. Often they have not improved the current situation, mainly due to institutional
failure and intrinsic uncertainties about the state of stocks. This contribution presents an assessment of different management
schemes with respect to predefined constraints by utilizing viability theory. Our analysis is based on a bio-economic model
which is examined as a dynamic control system in continuous time. Feasible development paths are discussed in detail. It is
shown that participatory management may lead to serious problems if a purely resource-based management strategy is employed.
The analysis suggests that a less risky management strategy can be implemented if limited data are available. 相似文献
966.
Bowden M Sequiera M Krog JP Gravesen P Diamond D 《Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM》2002,4(5):767-771
The application of a phosphorus monitoring device based on microsystems technology (MST) to the analysis of river water is presented. An alternative to the standard molybdenum blue method known as the yellow vanadomolybdophosphoric acid method has been very effectively implemented. The method is simple, a reagent and sample are mixed in a 1:1 ratio forming a yellow complex that absorbs strongly below 400 nm in the UV spectrum. The kinetics of the reaction are rapid and sample turnaround is typically 3 min at room temperature. Therefore a very uncomplicated microfluidic design can be adopted. The working wavelength was chosen as 380 nm to coincide with the peak output of a UV-LED narrow bandwidth light source recently developed by Nichia. The limit of detection for the yellow method in the microfluidic system is 0.2 ppm with a dynamic linear range from 0-50 ppm. The method was applied to a measurement of phosphorus in a local river at specific sampling points along its course. 相似文献
967.
Surveys were completed on Tutuila Island, American Samoa, to characterize reef development and assess the impacts of non-point source pollution on adjacent coral reefs at six sites. Multivariate analyses of benthic and coral community data found similar modern reef development at three locations; Aoa, Alofau, and Leone. These sites are situated in isolated bays with gentle sloping foundations. Aoa reefs had the highest estimates of crustose coralline algae cover and coral species richness, while Leone and Alofau showed high abundances of macroalgae and Porites corals. Aoa has the largest reef flat between watershed discharge and the reef slope, and the lowest human population density. Masefau and Fagaalu have a different geomorphology consisting of cemented staghorn coral fragments and steep slopes, however, benthic and coral communities were not similar. Benthic data suggest Fagaalu is heavily impacted compared with all other sites. Reef communities were assessed as bio-criteria indicators for waterbody health, using the EPA aquatic life use support designations of (1) fully supportive, (2) partially supportive, and (3) non-supportive for aquatic life. All sites resulted in a partially supportive ranking except Fagaalu, which was non-supportive. The results of this rapid assessment based upon relative benthic community measures are less desirable than long-term dataset analyses from monitoring programs, however it fills an important role for regulatory agencies required to report annual waterbody assessments. Future monitoring sites should be established to increase the number of replicates within each geological and physical setting to allow for meaningful comparisons along a gradient of hypothesized pollution levels. 相似文献
968.
Bignert A Riget F Braune B Outridge P Wilson S 《Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM》2004,6(4):351-355
The goal of this paper is to describe and discuss statistical power with respect to mercury in Arctic biota, using data gathered during the past two or three decades, mostly under the auspices of AMAP Phases I and II. It will describe the current levels of power of existing data sets to detect temporal trends of Hg concentrations. If the desired power is fixed to an appropriate magnitude, the minimum size of a detectable trend within a specified time period or the number of years that is required to detect a certain trend could be estimated provided that the random between-year variation for the current time-series is known. These various measures of performance of the AMAP mercury time-series, derived from the power analysis, are discussed in some detail. The number of years required to detect a certain trend at a particular power at a specific Type I error rate (alpha) is compared with the actual number of years available when the AMAP Phase II assessment was carried out. In general the investigated time-series were too short to possess an acceptable statistical power. The effect of varying the Type-I error rate, the slope of a trend and the desired power is investigated to rank the importance of the various components regulating the statistical power. The consequence of sampling less frequently than once a year is considerable loss of power. 相似文献
969.
This paper presents a new procedure to assess value functions for environmental pollutants. It has been particularly designed for eliciting expert-based value functions for pollutant substances. The main features of the model are the possibility to integrate direct and indirect assessment techniques, the possibility to make explicit assessment uncertainties and to avoid forcing quantitative judgements. The main aim of the procedure is to improve the reliability of the assessment but also to make the expert's task easier by using qualitative judgements more frequently. The procedure has been developed especially for soil pollutants, for which an application is described. 相似文献
970.
Katrin Wendt-Potthoff René Frömmichen Peter Herzsprung Matthias Koschorreck 《Water, Air, & Soil Pollution: Focus》2002,2(3):81-96
To elucidate the role of Fe(III) reduction in mining lake sediments amended with organic substrates, we performed a large (10 m diameter) enclosure experiment in which sediments were amended with Carbokalk, a waste product from sugar industry containing organic carbon and lime. Fe(III) reduction rates were determined monthly by measuring the accumulation of Fe(II) in the sediments in the field. Fe(III) reduction rates were also determined by incubating sediment samples with synthetic Fe(III) oxyhydroxide under in situ temperature in the laboratory. Sulfate reduction was selectively inhibited in the Fe(III) reduction experiments by addition of sodium molybdate. Sulfate reduction was measured by accumulation of reduced inorganic sulfides in the field and by 35S radiotracer using a core injection technique. Sediment incubation and determination of sulfate reduction rates with radiotracer showed that sulfate reduction and direct microbial Fe(III) reduction occured simultaneously in the upper centimeters of the sediments and that both processes contributed to alkalinity generation. However, Fe(III) reduction was the initial process and rates were at least 3.5 fold higher than sulfate reduction rates. The results indicate that the presence of suitable anions for Fe(II) precipitation as carbonate or sulfide is needed in order to prevent loss of potential alkalinity by Fe(II) diffusion and reoxidation in the water column. 相似文献