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121.
Karl-Werner Schramm Petra Marth Alexander Wolf Klaus Hahn Konstantin Oxynos Johannes Schmitzer Antonius Kettrup 《Environmental Sciences Europe》1999,11(5):277-280
Measured partition coefficients (KLM/L) related to lipid-concentrations between the muscle (CML) and liver (CLL) tissue of two fish species (Abramis brama, Zoarces viviparus) exhibit nominal values of unity according the relationship KLM/L=CML/CLL=1 for persistent compounds such as highly chlorinated PCB and values above one for degradable compounds for example chlorinated cyclohexanes or DDT. The corresponding theory is presented. The relationship holds for samples for single fish as well as for pooled samples. 相似文献
122.
Petra?M.?KuhnertEmail author Leanne?M.?Duffy Jock?W.?Young Robert?J.?Olson 《Marine Biology》2012,159(1):87-100
We provided a classification tree modeling framework for investigating complex feeding relationships and illustrated the method
using stomach contents data for yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) collected by longline fishing gear deployed off eastern Australia between 1992 and 2006. The non-parametric method is both
exploratory and predictive, can be applied to varying size datasets and therefore is not restricted to a minimum sample size.
The method uses a bootstrap approach to provide standard errors of predicted prey proportions, variable importance measures
to highlight important variables and partial dependence plots to explore the relationships between explanatory variables and
predicted prey composition. Our results supported previous studies of yellowfin tuna feeding ecology in the region. However,
the method provided a number of novel insights. For example, significant differences were noted in the prey of yellowfin tuna
sampled north of 20°S in summer where oligotrophic waters dominate. The analysis also identified that sea-surface temperature,
latitude and yellowfin size were the most important variables associated with dietary differences. The methodology is appropriate
for delineating ecosystem-level trophic dynamics, as it can easily incorporate large datasets comprising multiple predators
to explore trophic interactions among members of a community. Broad-scale relationships among explanatory variables (environmental,
biological, temporal and spatial) and prey composition elucidated by this method then serve to focus and lend validity to
subsequent fine-scale analyses of important parameters using standard diet methods and chemical tracers such as stable isotopes. 相似文献
123.
Impact of miniature geolocation loggers on a small petrel, the thin-billed prion Pachyptila belcheri
Petra Quillfeldt Rona A. R. McGill Robert W. Furness Erich M?stl Katrin Ludynia Juan F. Masello 《Marine Biology》2012,159(8):1809-1816
Effects of deployment of miniaturised transmitters and loggers have been studied mainly in diving seabirds such as penguins, and less so in flying seabirds. However, some studies of albatrosses and petrels recorded extended trip durations and elevated rates of nest desertion following device attachment, especially if transmitter loads exceeded 3 % of adult mass. Studies have usually compared performance parameters such as trip duration, meal mass, breeding success or rate of return in the next season between birds with devices and controls. We here examined the effects of geolocator loggers (Global Location Sensing, (GLS)) on thin-billed prions Pachyptila belcheri (130 g), by comparing performance parameters and additionally eco-physiological parameters. GLS weighed ca. 1 % of the body mass, and were fixed on leg rings, which may influence the flight efficiency by creating an asymmetric load. We found no differences in the performance parameters, either in the season of attachment or the season following recovery. Similar stable isotope ratios in adult blood and feather samples further indicated that the foraging ecology was not influenced. However, after 1 year of logger deployment, adults differed in their hormonal response to stress: while baseline corticosterone levels were not influenced, corticosterone levels in response to handling were elevated. Moreover, increased heterophil/lymphocyte ratios and a decreased tail growth in winter suggest that carrying the GLS was energetically costly, and adults adapted physiologically to the higher work load, while keeping up a normal breeding performance. 相似文献
124.
Petra Sumasgutner Ville Vasko Rauno Varjonen Erkki Korpimäki 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2014,68(12):2023-2034
Animals constantly need to acquire information about the environment for settlement decisions, either by using a trial-and-error strategy or by using public information by monitoring conspecifics. We studied a nest box population of Eurasian kestrels Falco tinnunculus in western Finland to test if pellets and other prey remains accumulated on the bottom of nest boxes are used as public information during settlement. During 2002–2013, nest boxes were randomly cleaned (treatment) or left un-cleaned (control) in each season. It is possible that kestrels reuse nest boxes which include information of successful nesting (i.e. have not been cleaned) because they indicate previous breeding attempt at the site. At the same time, this decision may entail costs because of blood-sucking ecto-parasites like Carnus hemapterus overwintering in the layer of pellets. First, we found that egg-laying date was significantly earlier in un-cleaned control boxes than in cleaned treatment boxes, indicating the use of public information revealed by pellets in the settlement decision. Second, the ecto-parasite burden of young nestlings (age 6–15 days) was significantly higher in un-cleaned control nest boxes. We found higher ecto-parasite infestation in early and lower infestation in late nests, a seasonal trend that is in disagreement with the ecto-parasite avoidance hypothesis. Contrary, in overall lower-infected cleaned boxes, ecto-parasite prevalence remained equal throughout the season. However, the ecto-parasite burden had no obvious effect on breeding success. We conclude that the use of pellets revealing successful breeding attempt of the previous year as public information appeared to be important in the settlement decision of kestrels. 相似文献
125.
Petra Quillfeldt Andreas Michalik Gritta Veit-Köhler Ian J. Strange Juan F. Masello 《Marine Biology》2010,157(9):2043-2050
Central place foragers are constrained in their foraging distribution by the necessity to return to their nest site at regular
intervals. In many petrels that feed on patchily distributed prey from the sea surface over large foraging areas, alternating
long and short foraging trips are used to balance the demands of the chick with the requirements of maintaining adult body
condition. When the local conditions are favourable for prey density and quality, adults should be able to reduce the number
of long foraging trips. We studied the flexibility in foraging trip lengths of a small pelagic petrel, the thin-billed prion
Pachyptila belcheri, over three breeding seasons with increasingly favourable, cold-water conditions. During a warm-water influx in February
2006, chicks were fed less frequently and adults carried out foraging trips of up to 8 days. When conditions became more favourable
with colder water temperatures in 2007 and 2008, thin-billed prions decreased trip lengths, more often attended their chick
every day, and long foraging trips of six to eight days were not registered during 2008. Chick growth rates mirrored this,
as chicks grew poorly during 2006, intermediate during 2007 and best during 2008. Thin-billed prions preyed mainly on squid
during incubation and mainly on amphipods and euphausiids during chick-rearing. In the poorest season only, the diet was substantially
supplemented with very small copepods. Together, the present results indicate that during warm-water conditions, thin-billed
prions had difficulties in finding sufficient squid, amphipods or euphausiids and were forced to switch to lower trophic level
prey, which they had to search for over large ocean areas. 相似文献
126.
Kateřina Pěnčíková Petra Brenerová Lucie Svržková Eva Hrubá Lenka Pálková Jan Vondráček Hans-Joachim Lehmler Miroslav Machala 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2018,25(17):16411-16419
PCB 136 is an environmentally relevant chiral PCB congener, which has been found in vivo to be present in form of rotational isomers (atropisomers). Its atropselective biotransformation or neurotoxic effects linked with sensitization of ryanodine receptor suggest that it might interact also with other intracellular receptors in a stereospecific manner. However, possible atropselective effects of PCB 136 on nuclear receptor transactivation remain unknown. Therefore, in this study, atropselective effects of PCB 136 on nuclear receptors controlling endocrine signaling and/or expression of xenobiotic and steroid hormone catabolism were investigated. PCB136 atropisomers were found to exert differential effects on estrogen receptor (ER) activation; (+)-PCB 136 was estrogenic, while (?)-PCB 136 was antiestrogenic. In contrast, inhibition of androgen receptor (AR) activity was not stereospecific. Both PCB136 stereoisomers induced the constitutive androgen receptor (CAR)-dependent gene expression; however, no significant stereospecificity of PCB 136 atropisomers was observed. PCB136 was a partial inducer of the pregnane X receptor (PXR)-dependent gene expression. Here, (?)-PCB 136 was a significantly more potent inducer of PXR activity than (+)-PCB 136. Taken together, the present results indicate that at least two nuclear receptors participating in endocrine regulation or metabolism, ER and PXR, could be regulated in an atropselective manner by chiral PCB 136. The enantioselective enrichment of PCB atropisomers in animal and human tissues may thus have significant consequences for endocrine-disrupting effects of chiral ortho-substituted PCB congeners. 相似文献
127.
128.
Petra Kastner-Klein Evgeni Fedorovich Jean-Fran Ois Sini Patrice G. Mestayer 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2000,65(1-2):353-361
In urban conditions, car exhaust gases are often emitted inside poorly ventilated street canyons. One may suppose however that moving cars can themselves produce a certain ventilation effect in addition to natural air motions. Such ventilation mechanism is not sufficiently studied so far. A similarity criterion relating the vehicle- and wind-induced components of turbulent motion in an urban street canyon was proposed in 1982 by E. J. Plate for wind tunnel modelling purposes. The present study aims at further evaluation of the criterion and its applicability for a variety of wind and traffic conditions. This is accomplished by joint analyses of data from numerical simulations and wind tunnel measurements. 相似文献
129.
Breuer D Heckmann P Gusbeth K Schwab G Blaskowitz M Moritz A 《Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM》2012,14(2):440-445
Until 2009, the limit values for airborne sulfuric acid in Europe were based on the inhalable particle fraction (e.g. MAK (Maximum allowed concentration at workplace) value 0.1 mg m(-3) as the inhalable fraction). With the publication of the Commission Directive 2009/161/EU, an Indicative Occupational Exposure Limit Value (IOELV) of 0.05 mg m(-3) for sulfuric acid aerosols was based for the first time on the thoracic particle fraction. To permit a comparison of the measured values for the inhalable fraction with those of the thoracic fraction and to quantify the thoracic fraction, a cyclone was fabricated out of sulfuric-acid-resistant stainless steel that achieves suitable collection characteristics (PM(10)) at a flow rate of 5.34 L min(-1). 49 measurements were carried out in parallel in 21 companies. At concentrations well below the IOELV, there is little difference between the thoracic and inhalable particle concentrations. At higher concentrations (>0.1 mg m(-3) inhalable aerosol), larger droplets have a marked effect on the measured values and the thoracic fraction accounts for only 32.1 ± 12.5% of the inhalable fraction. The EU's IOELV and the proposal of the MAK Commission therefore provide a comparable level of protection. In the transposition of the IOELV into national law, an air limit of 0.1 mg m(-3) could therefore be implemented for the inhalable fraction. 相似文献
130.
The paper evaluates the status of selected fluvial lakes situated in the central part of the Elbe River and the impact of anthropogenic activities including comparison with the Elbe River water quality on them. To achieve the goals of the project, eight researched lakes differed from each other in the intensity of communication with the river, morphometric parameters and in the possibility of anthropogenic contamination (industrial, agricultural and municipal) were chosen. Besides observing the hydrological regime, the research was focused on physical and chemical parameters of water. To sum up, the lakes communicating above ground with the river showed similarities in several parameters, e.g. organic load or conductivity was nearly at the same level, which was lower than in the separated ones. Although the values of nitrates were higher in the river, their content did not reach such concentrations even in the connected lakes because of their more stagnant character. In general, although the Elbe River has a significant effect on water quality of researched lakes, especially in the case of lakes with a restricted communication with the river, their water quality is a result of local conditions, e.g. possibility of contamination by sewage waters, land use in the vicinity, etc. 相似文献