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1.
Benjamin P. Louis Pierre-Alain Maron Valérie Viaud Philippe Leterme Safya Menasseri-Aubry 《Environmental Chemistry Letters》2016,14(3):331-344
Industrial agriculture is yearly responsible for the loss of 55–100 Pg of historical soil carbon and 9.9 Tg of reactive nitrogen worldwide. Therefore, management practices should be adapted to preserve ecological processes and reduce inputs and environmental impacts. In particular, the management of soil organic matter (SOM) is a key factor influencing C and N cycles. Soil microorganisms play a central role in SOM dynamics. For instance, microbial diversity may explain up to 77 % of carbon mineralisation activities. However, soil microbial diversity is actually rarely taken into account in models of C and N dynamics. Here, we review the influence of microbial diversity on C and N dynamics, and the integration of microbial diversity in soil C and N models. We found that a gain of microbial richness and evenness enhances soil C and N dynamics on the average, though the improvement of C and N dynamics depends on the composition of microbial community. We reviewed 50 models integrating soil microbial diversity. More than 90 % of models integrate microbial diversity with discrete compartments representing conceptual functional groups (64 %) or identified taxonomic groups interacting in a food web (28 %). Half of the models have not been tested against an empirical dataset while the other half mainly consider fixed parameters. This is due to the difficulty to link taxonomic and functional diversity. 相似文献
2.
Philippe Louâpre Stéphanie Llopis Véronique Martel Joan van Baaren 《Die Naturwissenschaften》2014,101(11):875-882
In many insect species, sperm-depleted males (SDMs, i.e. males that have exhausted their sperm after a given number of matings) remain sexually active and continue to mate females. Here, we investigated the behavioural modifications that occur in both sexes of the parasitoid Asobara tabida Nees (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), after matings by fertile males and sperm-depleted males. We show that (i) virgin females, mated females and females mated to a SDM exhibited different behaviours and that (ii) males responded differently to females depending on whether the females had previously mated with an SDM or not. Our findings demonstrate that SDM influenced the reproductive behaviour of both males and females, especially with regard to male responsiveness and female attractiveness. These findings are discussed in the context of adaptive behaviour and fitness maximization in both males and females. 相似文献
3.
Bioaerosol sampling by a personal rotating cup sampler CIP 10-M 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Görner P Fabriès JF Duquenne P Witschger O Wrobel R 《Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM》2006,8(1):43-48
High concentrations of bioaerosols containing bacterial, fungal and biotoxinic matter are encountered in many workplaces, e.g. solid waste treatment plants, waste water treatment plants and sewage networks. A personal bioaerosol sampler, the CIP 10-M (M-microbiologic), has been developed to measure worker exposure to airborne biological agents. This sampler is battery operated; it is light and easy to wear and offers full work shift autonomy. It can sample much higher concentrations than biological impactors and limits the mechanical stress on the microorganisms. Biological particles are collected in 2 ml of liquid medium inside a rotating cup fitted with radial vanes to maintain an air flow rate of 10 l min(-1) at a rotational speed of approximately 7,000 rpm. The rotating cup is made of sterilisable material. The sampled particles follow a helicoidal trajectory as they are pushed to the surface of the liquid by centrifugal force, which creates a thin vertical liquid layer. Sterile water or another collecting liquid can be used. Three particle size selectors allow health-related aerosol fractions to be sampled according to international conventions. The sampled microbiological particles can be easily recovered for counting, incubation or further biochemical analysis, e.g., for airborne endotoxins. Its physical sampling efficiency was laboratory tested and field trials were carried out in industrial waste management conditions. The results indicate satisfactory collection efficiency, whilst experimental application has demonstrated the usefulness of the CIP 10-M personal sampler for individual bioaerosol exposure monitoring. 相似文献
4.
Rodica Chiriac Jean Carré Yves Perrodin Hervé Vaillant Santiago Gasso Philippe Miele 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2009,43(11):1926-1931
The dispersion of VOCs emitted by a municipal solid waste landfill was studied for a period of over one year. Sixteen VOCs were monitored: linear alkanes from C7 to C11, BTEX, trimethylbenzene, trichlorethylene, tetrachlorethylene, α and β-pinenes, limonene. The analytical procedure was first comprised of static long-term sampling of about 2 months using radial diffusion Radiello tubes containing activated carbon, followed by extraction by solvent (i.e. CS2) and GC/MS analysis. The results were initially analysed on the basis of the total concentration of the quantified VOCs, then by examining the concentrations of certain selected compounds. The influence of different parameters such as operating conditions, meteorological conditions and site morphology was highlighted on the basis of total VOC concentrations. In order to study the VOC's dispersion more closely, 5 compounds were chosen: toluene, benzene, limonene, and the sum trichlorethylene + tetrachlorethylene, as a “marker”, to verify the origin of the VOCs emitted. The results showed that the main source of VOCs is the open cell and lead to different hypotheses on interferences from neighbouring sources and to the proposal of solutions to limit the emission of VOCs and their dispersion. To our knowledge, this type of study has not been accomplished until this day. 相似文献
5.
6.
Dusit Angthararuk Philippe Schmitt-Kopplin Somyote Sutthivaiyakit Antonius Kettrup Pakawadee Sutthivaiyakit 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2017,52(1):10-22
This study was performed to identify the degradation products of profenofos “a phenyl organothiophosphate insecticide” in raw water (RW) collected from the entry point of Metropolitan Water Works Authority “Bangkaen, Thailand” and ultrapure water (UPW) with and without TiO2 under simulated sunlight irradiation. Degradation of profenofos was followed with ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) and follows pseudo first-order kinetic. Accordingly, high-field FTICR mass spectrometry coupled to an electrospray ionization source was used to reveal the degradation routes of profenofos and the isotopic fine structures (IFS) elucidations to approve the chemical structures of its degradation products. More degradation products were detected in UPW as compared to RW. Consequently, two main degradation pathways namely (i) interactive replacements of bromine and hydrogen by hydroxyl functional groups and (ii) rupture of PO, PS, CBr and CCl bonds were observed. None interactive replacement of chlorine by hydroxyl functional group was detected. Accordingly, mechanistical pathways of the main degradation products were established. 相似文献
7.
Catarino AI Bauwens M Dubois P 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2012,19(6):2344-2353
Purpose
In order to better understand if the metabolic responses of echinoids could be related to their acid?Cbase status in an ocean acidification context, we studied the response of an intertidal sea urchin species, Paracentrotus lividus, submitted to low pH at two different temperatures.Methods
Individuals were submitted to control (8.0) and low pH (7.7 and 7.4) at 10°C and 16°C (19?days). The relation between the coelomic fluid acid?Cbase status, the RNA/DNA ratio of gonads and the individual oxygen uptake were studied.Results
The coelomic fluid pH decreased with the aquarium seawater, independently of temperature, but this explained only 13% of the pH variation. The coelomic fluid showed though a partial buffer capacity that was not related to skeleton dissolution ([Mg2+] and [Ca2+] did not differ between pH treatments). There was an interaction between temperature and pH on the oxygen uptake (V O2) which was increased at pH?7.7 and 7.4 at 10°C in comparison with controls, but not at 16°C, indicating an upregulation of the metabolism at low temperature and pH. However, gonad RNA/DNA ratios did not differ according to pH and temperature treatments, indicating that even if maintenance of physiological activities has an elevated metabolic cost when individuals are exposed to stress, they are not directly affected during short-term exposure. Long-term studies are needed in order to verify if gonad production/growth will be affected by low pH seawaters exposure. 相似文献8.
Ika Paul-Pont Xavier de Montaudouin Patrice Gonzalez Philippe Soudant Magalie Baudrimont 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2010,17(4):987-998
Introduction
Within the last decade, numerous studies have investigated the role of environmental history on tolerance to stress of many organisms. This study aims to assess if Manila clams Ruditapes philippinarum may react differently to cadmium exposure and trematode parasite infection (Himasthla elongata) depending on their origin and environmental history in Arcachon Bay (France). 相似文献9.
Mickael Sage Isabelle Fourel Jennifer Lahoreau Vivien Siat Philippe Berny Sophie Rossi 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2013,20(5):2893-2904
The bait-marker iophenoxic acid (IPA) and its derivatives are increasingly used for evaluating and optimizing the cost-effectiveness of baiting campaigns on wildlife, particularly on game species such as the wild boar. We aimed to determine whether concentrations of the three main IPA derivatives ethyl, methyl and propyl-IPA measured on thoracic liquid extracts (TLE) of hunted wild boars may be representative of two exposure doses, 40 and 200 mg, from 20 to 217 days after ingestion. Then we developed a method of detection of the three IPA derivatives by LC/ESI-MS-MS in muscle and liver to evaluate the suitability of these two other tissues for monitoring the marked bait consumption and for measuring available residues in the meat of marked animals. Three semi-captive wild boars received 40 mg of each IPA derivative, three received 200 mg, and three, as controls, did not receive IPA. Blood serum was sampled 20, 197 or 217 days after IPA exposure according to animals and to the derivative. Wild boars were shot by gun after the different times of serum sampling times, and TLE, muscle and liver were sampled. Our results suggest that TLE is not a relevant tissue for quantitatively expressing IPA exposure. Due to interference, no analytical method was validated on TLE containing digestive material. On the other hand, quantifications in the muscle and particularly in the liver could discriminate wild boars that had ingested the two IPA doses from 20 days until 7 months after exposure, especially for the two long term markers ethyl and propyl-IPA. So IPA quantifications in the liver sampled on hunted animals appear to be a reliable tool for monitoring bait consumption in the field at a large scale. Nevertheless, whatever the ingested dose, ethyl- and propyl-IPA concentrations measured in the muscle and the liver of tested animals until 217 days after exposure, remained higher than 0.01 mg/kg, the Maximal Residue Limit (MRL) is recommended for molecules for which no toxicological data are available. Based on the range of IPA residues available in these two tissues, implications for humans consuming marked animals are discussed. 相似文献
10.
The aim of this study was to determine the tissue distribution of 17 PCDD/Fs following the chronic ingestion of contaminated milk in rats and to assess the "target tissue/milk" BioConcentration Factors (BCFs) of these molecules. Contaminated milk, collected in a polluted area, has been incorporated into the diet of male rats at a low dose (31 pg I-TEQ/day/rat). For this exposure, the accumulation of PCDD/Fs in target tissues (liver and adipose tissue) was limited, the tissue concentrations stabilising between 90 and 120 days of daily intake to levels close to 3 pg/g of tissue (all tissues and molecules combined). The tissue distribution seemed to be governed by the congeners properties and by the tissue characteristics. An increase in the chlorination degree of dioxins caused a decrease in their incorporation in the adipose tissue, and consequently of the BCF values. Moreover, the distribution of dioxins between hepatocytes and adipocytes differed: unlike the liver, the quantities of dioxins in the adipose tissue were significantly (P<0.05) correlated to the quantity of tissue fat. Only in the liver, the incorporation of PCDDs seemed to be facilitated when the chlorination degree of these congeners increased, the reverse phenomenon having been observed for PCDFs. However, for the same level of chlorination, the BCFs of PCDFs were 2.4 times higher than those of PCDDs in this tissue. The absence of correlation between the quantity of dioxins and that of fat and the BCFs differences of theses congeners suggested that dioxins fixation process in the liver was selective. 相似文献