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131.
Le Billon P 《Disasters》2005,29(1):1-25
This paper examines advocacy initiatives by humanitarian and human rights organisations to address problems of governance in resource-rich and conflict-affected countries, focussing on the case of Angola. Humanitarian principles preclude the use of indiscriminate conditionality and point towards a cautious approach to advocacy aimed at assisting vulnerable populations. Furthermore, the relatively insignificant amount of aid supplied to resource-rich local authorities means that individual agencies have precious little leverage, especially when commercial interests rather than humanitarian or 'good governance' principles influence the priorities of bilateral donors. A context of resource wealth calls for: high levels of coordination and cooperation between human rights groups, aid agencies and donors; balanced use of conditionality, based on the drawing, by donors, of a clear distinction between emergency and development-oriented assistance; and a sustained effort to highlight the responsibilities of local authorities, foreign governments and businesses in meeting humanitarian and development objectives. 相似文献
132.
Ingrid Witters Philippe Moerman Maximilian Muenke Frans-André Van Assche Koen Devriendt Eric Legius Dominique Van Schoubroeck Jean-Pierre Fryns 《黑龙江环境通报》2001,21(10):839-841
We report the prenatal echographic diagnosis of holoprosencephaly (HPE) at 11 weeks' gestation. Fetopathological examination revealed an unusual variant of semilobar HPE with middle interhemispheric fusion associated with sex-reversal: 46,XY normal male karyotype, normal external and internal female genitalia and streak gonads. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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Estienney Marie Daval-Frerot Philippe Aho-Glélé Ludwig-Serge Piroth Lionel Stabile Pascal Gerbet Jean-Yves Rouleau Romain de Rougemont Alexis Belliot Gaël 《Food and environmental virology》2022,14(2):217-221
Food and Environmental Virology - Disinfection of hospital facilities and ambulances is an important issue for breaking the chain of transmission of viral pathogens. Hydrogen peroxide has provided... 相似文献
138.
Economic Analysis of Summer Fallow Management to Reduce Take-All Disease and N Leaching in a Wheat Crop Rotation 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Stéphane De Cara Florence Jacquet Arnaud Reynaud Gaël Goulevant Marie-Hélène Jeuffroy Françoise Montfort Philippe Lucas 《Environmental Modeling and Assessment》2011,16(1):91-105
This paper addresses the question of summer cover-crop adoption by farmers in presence of a risk of yield loss due to take-all disease and climate variability. To analyze the public incentives needed to encourage farmers to adopt summer cover crops as a means of reducing N leaching, we combine outputs from an economic, an epidemiological and an agronomic model. The economic model is a simple model of choice under risk. The farmer is assumed to choose among a range of summer fallow managements and input uses on the basis of the expected utility criterion (HARA assumption) in presence of both climate and take-all risks. The epidemiological model proposed by Ennaïfar et al. (Eur J Plant Pathol 118:127–143, 2007) is used to determine the impact of take all on yields and N uptake. The crop-soil model (STICS) is used to compute yield developments and N leaching under various management options and climatic conditions. The input parameters are chosen to match the conditions prevailing in Grignon, located in the main wheat-growing area in France. Eight management systems are examined: four summer fallow managements: ‘wheat volunteers’ (WV), ‘bare soil’ (BS), ‘early mustard’, ‘late mustard’, and two input intensities. We show that the optimal systems are BS (WV) when the take-all risk is (not) taken into account by agents. We then compute the minimum payment to each system such that it emerges in the optimum. We thus derive the required amounts of transfer needed to trigger catch-crop adoption. The results of the Monte Carlo sensitivity analysis show that the ranking of management systems is robust over a wide range of input parameters. 相似文献
139.
Priadi C Bourgeault A Ayrault S Gourlay-Francé C Tusseau-Vuillemin MH Bonté P Mouchel JM 《Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM》2011,13(5):1470-1479
In order to obtain representative dissolved and solid samples from the aquatic environment, a spectrum of sampling methods are available, each one with different advantages and drawbacks. This article evaluates the use of discrete sampling and time-integrated sampling in illustrating medium-term spatial and temporal variation. Discrete concentration index (CI) calculated as the ratio between dissolved and solid metal concentrations in grab samples are compared with time-integrated concentration index (CI) calculated from suspended particulate matter (SPM) collected in sediment traps and labile metals measured by the diffusive gel in thin films (DGT) method, collected once a month during one year at the Seine River, upstream and downstream of the Greater Paris Region. Discrete CI at Bougival was found to be significantly higher than at Triel for Co, Cu, Mn, Ni and Zn, while discrete metal partitioning at Marnay was found to be similar to Bougival and Triel. However, when using time-integrated CI, not only was Bougival CI significantly higher than Triel CI, CI at Marnay was also found to be significantly higher than CI at Triel which was not observed for discrete CI values. Since values are time-averaged, dramatic fluctuations were smoothed out and significant medium-term trends were enhanced. As a result, time-integrated concentration index (CI) was able to better illustrate urbanization impact between sites when compared to discrete CI. The impact of significant seasonal phenomenon such as winter flood, low flow and redox cycles was also, to a certain extent, visible in time-integrated CI values at the upstream site. The use of time-integrated concentration index may be useful for medium- to long-term metal studies in the aquatic environment. 相似文献
140.
A one year investigation of the occurrence of illicit drugs in wastewater from Brussels, Belgium 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
van Nuijs AL Mougel JF Tarcomnicu I Bervoets L Blust R Jorens PG Neels H Covaci A 《Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM》2011,13(4):1008-1016
Daily 24 hour composite influent wastewater samples were collected from the wastewater treatment plant of Brussels-North (Belgium) for eight months to study variations in the concentrations and mass loads of nine illicit drugs and metabolites: cocaine (COC) and its metabolites benzoylecgonine (BE) and ecgonine methyl ester (EME), amphetamine (AMP), methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), methamphetamine (METH), methadone (MTD) and its metabolite 2-ethylidene-1,5-dimethyl-3,3-diphenylpyrrolidine (EDDP) and the specific metabolite of heroin, 6-monoacetylmorphine (6-MAM). Samples were analyzed using a validated analytical method based on solid-phase extraction and hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. The selected compounds could be detected and quantified in all samples. The measured concentrations were in agreement with earlier published concentrations, when available. All illicit drugs showed significant differences in mass loads between months. Daily variations were observed for MDMA, AMP and COC and metabolites, with higher mass loads observed during the weekend. This is probably related to their recreational consumption pattern and was further confirmed when holiday periods (New Year's Eve, Belgian national holiday) were in detail investigated. For METH, 6-MAM, MTD and EDDP, stable and consistent amounts were observed during the week. In all samples, the ratio of the concentration of the parent compound to its metabolite(s) was calculated to evaluate whether measured concentrations reflect human excretion of the illicit drugs. For MTD, the ratio of parent compound/metabolite was in agreement with the excretion pattern, while for COC some deviations were observed, resulting from excretion pattern uncertainties, and stability and discharge issues. 相似文献