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151.
Priadi C Bourgeault A Ayrault S Gourlay-Francé C Tusseau-Vuillemin MH Bonté P Mouchel JM 《Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM》2011,13(5):1470-1479
In order to obtain representative dissolved and solid samples from the aquatic environment, a spectrum of sampling methods are available, each one with different advantages and drawbacks. This article evaluates the use of discrete sampling and time-integrated sampling in illustrating medium-term spatial and temporal variation. Discrete concentration index (CI) calculated as the ratio between dissolved and solid metal concentrations in grab samples are compared with time-integrated concentration index (CI) calculated from suspended particulate matter (SPM) collected in sediment traps and labile metals measured by the diffusive gel in thin films (DGT) method, collected once a month during one year at the Seine River, upstream and downstream of the Greater Paris Region. Discrete CI at Bougival was found to be significantly higher than at Triel for Co, Cu, Mn, Ni and Zn, while discrete metal partitioning at Marnay was found to be similar to Bougival and Triel. However, when using time-integrated CI, not only was Bougival CI significantly higher than Triel CI, CI at Marnay was also found to be significantly higher than CI at Triel which was not observed for discrete CI values. Since values are time-averaged, dramatic fluctuations were smoothed out and significant medium-term trends were enhanced. As a result, time-integrated concentration index (CI) was able to better illustrate urbanization impact between sites when compared to discrete CI. The impact of significant seasonal phenomenon such as winter flood, low flow and redox cycles was also, to a certain extent, visible in time-integrated CI values at the upstream site. The use of time-integrated concentration index may be useful for medium- to long-term metal studies in the aquatic environment. 相似文献
152.
Spatial connectivity in a large river system: resolving the sources and fate of dissolved organic matter 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Large rivers are generally heterogeneous and productive systems that receive important inputs of dissolved organic matter (DOM) from terrestrial and in situ sources. Thus, they are likely to play a significant role in the biogeochemical cycling of the DOM flowing to the oceans. The asymmetric spatial gradient driven by directional flow and environmental heterogeneity contributes to the fate of DOM flowing downstream. Yet, the relative effects of spatial connectivity and environmental heterogeneity on DOM dynamics are poorly understood. For example, since environmental variables show spatial heterogeneity, the variation explained by environmental and spatial variables may be redundant. We used the St. Lawrence River (SLR) as a representative large river to resolve the unique influences of environmental heterogeneity and spatial connectivity on DOM dynamics. We used three-dimensional fluorescence matrices combined with parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) to characterize the DOM pool in the SLR. Seven fluorophores were modeled, of which two were identified to be of terrestrial origin and three from algal exudates. We measured a set of environmental variables that are known to drive the fate of DOM in aquatic systems. Additionally, we used asymmetric eigenvector map (AEM) modeling to take spatial connectivity into account. The combination of spatial and environmental models explained 85% of the DOM variation. We show that spatial connectivity is an important driver of DOM dynamics, as a large fraction of environmental heterogeneity was attributable to the asymmetric spatial gradient. Along the longitudinal axis, we noted a rapid increase in dissolved organic carbon (DOC), mostly controlled by terrestrial input of DOM originating from the tributaries. Variance partitioning demonstrated that freshly produced protein-like DOM was found to be the preferential substrate for heterotrophic bacteria undergoing rapid proliferation, while humic-like DOM was more correlated to the diffuse attenuation coefficient of UVA radiation. 相似文献
153.
In the present study, we demonstrate an integrated modeling approach for predicting internal tissue concentrations of chemicals
by coupling a multimedia environmental model and a generic physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model. A case study
was designed for a region situated on the Seine river watershed, downstream of the Paris megacity, and for benzo(a)pyrene
emitted from industrial zones in the region. In this case study, these two models are linked only by water intake from riverine
system for the multimedia model into human body for the PBPK model. The limited monitoring data sets of B(a)P concentrations
in bottom sediment and in raw river water, obtained at the downstream of Paris, were used to re-construct long-term daily
concentrations of B(a)P in river water. The re-construction of long-term series of B(a)P level played a key role for the intermediate
model calibration (conducted in multimedia model) and thus for improving model input to PBPK model. In order to take into
account the parametric uncertainty in the model inputs, some input parameters relevant for the multimedia model were given
by probability density functions (PDFs); some generic PDFs were updated with site-specific measurements by a Bayesian approach.
The results of this study showed that the multimedia model fits well with actual annual measurements in sediments over one
decade. No accumulation of B(a)P in the organs was observed. In conclusion, this case study demonstrated the feasibility of
a full-chain assessment combining multimedia environmental predictions and PBPK modeling, including uncertainty and sensitivity
analyses. 相似文献
154.
Stéphane Bernard Loïc Youinou Philippe Gillard 《Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries》2013,26(6):1493-1500
Pulverized materials such as metallic or polymer powders play a considerable role in many industrial processes. Their use requires the introduction of preventive safeguards to control the plant's safety.PA12 polymer powder processing by laser sintering is characteristic of this tendency. The present work concerns PA12 powder (bimodal particle size distribution: 10 μm and 55 μm) and relates to explosion sensitivity and the thermal degradation of this powder, which can occur during laser sintering. Minimum Ignition Energy is determined using a modified Hartmann tube combined with the Langlie method developed in the PRISME Laboratory. This study shows the influence of parameters such as distance between the electrodes, powder concentration and arc power on MIE values. Theses parameters vary in the range of 3–6 A for the current intensity of the spark and the electrode gap in the range of 2.5–4 mm. The MIE is obtained for a spark gap of 3 mm and current intensity of the 4 A spark in our device. It shows that the MIE is less than 40 mJ for concentrations approaching 1000 g/m3. At lower concentrations (under 150 g/m3) the MIE increases but discrepancies in measurements appear, probably because of the static electricity that creates strong irregularities in dust dispersion. The second part of this study concerns the thermal degradation of the PA12 which is performed by thermogravimetric experiments coupled with mass spectrometric (MS) analysis for gas investigation. The mass loss measurement combined with the gas analysis allows the principal stages of degradation to be determined so as to calculate the kinetics parameter PA12. Experiments have been performed for different heating rates between 1 and 30 K min?1 and the reproducibility of experiments has been verified. The activation energy is determined using two methods: Freidman and KAS. For a reaction rate of between 0.2 and 0.6, the activation energy is nearly constant. The KAS method gives a value of Ea = 250 kJ mol?1 and the Friedman method gives Ea = 300 kJ mol?1. The gas analysis by MS shows that oxidation begins at over 350 °C and finishes at under 650 °C with the formation of CO2 and H2O. Other major peaks with an m/z ratio of 29, 28 and 30 are noticed in this range of temperature. They show the presence of intermediate species such as C2H6, NO or CH2O. The presence of HCN is also detected (m/z ratio of 27). 相似文献
155.
Biomarkers are widely known to occur in the fossil record, but the unaltered biomolecules are rarely reported from sediments
older than Paleogene. Polar terpenoids, the natural products most resistant to degradation processes, were reported mainly
from the Tertiary conifers, and the oldest known are Cretaceous in age. In this paper, we report the occurrence of relatively
high concentrations of ferruginol derivatives and other polar diterpenoids, as well as their diagenetic products, in a conifer
wood Protopodocarpoxylon from the Middle Jurassic of Poland. Thus, the natural product terpenoids reported in this paper are definitely the oldest
polar biomolecules detected in geological samples. The extracted phenolic abietanes like ferruginol and its derivatives (6,7-dehydroferruginol,
sugiol, 11,14-dioxopisiferic acid) are produced only by distinct conifer families (Cupressaceae s. l., Podocarpaceae and Araucariaceae),
to which Protopodocarpoxylon could belong based on anatomical characteristics. Therefore, the natural product terpenoids are of great advantage in systematics
of fossil plant remains older than Paleogene and lacking suitable anatomical preservation. 相似文献
156.
Philippe Quevauviller Author vitae 《Environmental Science & Policy》2011,14(7):722-729
Climate change impacts on the hydrological cycle, e.g. leading to changes of precipitation patterns, have been observed over several decades. Higher water temperatures and changes in extremes hydrometeorological events (including floods and droughts) are likely to exacerbate different types of pressures on water resources with possible negative impacts on ecosystems and human health. In addition, sea-level rise is expected to extend areas of salinisation of groundwater and estuaries, resulting in a decrease of freshwater availability for humans and ecosystems in coastal areas. Furthermore, climate-related changes in water quantity and quality are expected to affect food availability, water access and utilisation, especially in arid and semi-arid areas, as well as the operation of water infrastructure (e.g. hydropower, flood defences, and irrigation systems). This paper serves as an introduction to the special issue of Environment Science & Policy dealing with climate change impacts on water-related disasters. It provides a brief background about relevant EU water policies and examples of EU-funded research trends which illustrate on-going efforts to improve understanding and modelling of climate changes related to the hydrological cycles at scales that are relevant to decision making (possibly linked to policy). 相似文献
157.
Slobodan Djordjevi? David Butler Philippe Gourbesville Ole Mark Erik PascheAuthor vitae 《Environmental Science & Policy》2011,14(7):864-873
In the context of urban flood management, resilience is equal to resisting, recovering, reflecting and responding. The variety of causes of flooding and their consequences underpin the need for increased and internationally coordinated efforts to enhance technologies and policies for dealing with floods. This paper addresses this issue and presents some novel research ideas related to resilience to flooding in urban areas, which are under development within the EU FP7 project ‘Collaborative research on flood resilience in urban areas’ (CORFU). The approach adopted in this project aims to quantify the cost-effectiveness of resilience measures and integrative and adaptable flood management plans for different scenarios of relevant drivers: urban development, socio-economic trends and climate changes. It is believed that the way in which the different models are being put together, combined with the variability of conditions in case study areas in Asia and in Europe, will ultimately enable more scientifically sound policies for the management of the consequences of urban flooding. 相似文献
158.
Johansson Clotilde Bataillard Philippe Biache Coralie Lorgeoux Catherine Colombano Stéfan Joubert Antoine Défarge Christian Faure Pierre 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2022,29(11):15966-15982
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Permanganate is an oxidant usually applied for in situ soil remediation due to its persistence underground. It has already shown great efficiency for... 相似文献
159.
Fajraoui Afef Nasr Jalel Ben Lacoste Catherine Dony Philippe Odof Serge Amar Mohamed Ben Halouani Foued El 《Journal of Polymers and the Environment》2022,30(4):1673-1681
Journal of Polymers and the Environment - In the context of sustainable development and natural products valorization, new ecological materials enter a logic aimed at removing the causes of... 相似文献
160.
Magalie Castelin Pierre Feutry Mélyne Hautecoeur Gérard Marquet Daisy Wowor Gabrielle Zimmermann Philippe Keith 《Marine Biology》2013,160(6):1395-1406
Due to the sparse and unstable nature of insular freshwater habitats, marine larval dispersal of amphidromous species is considered a critical element of population persistence. We assessed population genetic structure of freshwater prawn Macrobrachium lar across its range that encompasses two biogeographic barriers: the vast open ocean separating Western and Central Pacific regions and the Indo-Malay archipelago separating Indian and Pacific oceans. A total of 173 samples collected from 21 islands throughout the Indo-Pacific were sequenced at 16S and 28S rDNA. We observed distinct genetic isolation of populations located at the eastern and southwestern edge of the species range but no evidence of an effect of the Indo-Pacific barrier. Differentiation patterns are consistent with a stepping-stone model of dispersal. Genetic differences of Central Pacific populations may reflect founder events associated with colonization of isolated islands, or be a signature of a past bottleneck after population depletion caused by drastic climatic events. 相似文献