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221.
Lília Maria de Oliveira Philippe Maillard Éber José de Andrade Pinto 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2016,188(6):333
Non-point source water pollution is a major problem in most parts of the world, but is also very difficult to quantify and control since it is not easily separated from point sources and can theoretically originate from the whole watershed. In this article, we evaluate the relationship between land use and land cover and four water pollution parameters in a watershed in Southeast Brazil. The four parameters are nitrate, total ammonia nitrogen, total phosphorous, and dissolved oxygen. To help concentrate on non-point source pollution, only data from the wet seasons of the time period (2001–2013) were analysed, based on the fact that precipitation causes runoff which is the main cause of diffuse pollution. The parameters measured were transformed into loads, which were in turn associated with an exclusive contribution area, so that every measuring station could be considered independent. Analyses were also performed on riparian zones of different widths to verify if the effect of the land cover on the water quality of the stream decreases with the increased distance. Pearson correlation coefficients indicate that urban areas and agriculture/pasture tend to worsen water quality (source). Conversely, forest and riparian areas have a reducing effect on pollution (sink). The best results were obtained for total ammonia nitrogen and dissolved oxygen using the whole exclusive contribution areas with determination coefficients better than R2≈0.8. Nitrate and total phosphorous did not produce valid models. We suspect that the transformation delay from total ammonia nitrogen to nitrate might be an important factor for the poor result for this parameter. For phosphorous, we think that the phosphorous sink in the bottom sediment might be the most limiting factor explaining the failure of our models. 相似文献
222.
223.
Natacha Heutte Véronique André Catherine Dubos Arvis Valérie Bouchart Françoise Lemarié Patrick Legendre Edwige Votier Marie-Yolande Louis Stéphane Madelaine Virginie Séguin Stéphanie Gente Philippe Vérité David Garon 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2017,189(1):31
Indoor air quality in health care facilities is a major public health concern, particularly for immunocompromised patients who may be exposed to microbiological contaminants such as molds, mycotoxins, endotoxins, and (1,3)-ß-D-glucans. Over 2 years, bioaerosols were collected on a monthly basis in a cancer treatment center (Centre F. Baclesse, Normandy, France), characterized from areas where there was no any particular air treatment. Results showed the complexity of mycoflora in bioaerosols with more than 100 fungal species identified. A list of major strains in hospital environments could be put forward due to the frequency, the concentration level, and/or the capacity to produce mycotoxins in vitro: Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus melleus, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus versicolor, Cladosporium herbarum, Purpureocillium lilacinum, and Penicillium brevicompactum. The mean levels of viable airborne fungal particles were less than 30.530 CFU per m3 of air and were correlated to the total number of 0.30 to 20 μm particles. Seasonal variations were observed with fungal particle peaks during the summer and autumn. Statistical analysis showed that airborne fungal particle levels depended on the relative humidity level which could be a useful indicator of fungal contamination. Finally, the exposure to airborne mycotoxins was very low (only 3 positive samples), and no mutagenic activity was found in bioaerosols. Nevertheless, some fungal strains such as Aspergillus versicolor or Penicillium brevicompactum showed toxigenic potential in vitro. 相似文献
224.
Caroline Hoyoux Magali Zbinden Sarah Samadi Françoise Gaill Philippe Compère 《Marine Biology》2009,156(12):2421-2439
Wood falls in the deep sea have recently become the focus of studies showing their importance as nutrients on the deep-sea
floor. In such environments, Crustaceans constitute numerically the second-largest group after Mollusks. Many questions have
arisen regarding their trophic role therein. A careful examination of the feeding appendages, gut contents, and gut lining
of Munidopsis
andamanica caught with wood falls revealed this species as a truly original detritivorous species using wood and the biofilm covering
it as two main food sources. Comparing individuals from other geographic areas from substrates not reported highlights the
galatheid crab as specialist of refractory substrates, especially vegetal remains. M.
andamanica also exhibits a resident gut microflora consisting of bacteria and fungi possibly involved in the digestion of wood fragments.
The results suggest that Crustaceans could be full-fledged actors in the food chains of sunken-wood ecosystems and that feeding
habits of some squat lobsters could be different than scavenging. 相似文献
225.
226.
Jean-Daniel Paris Mikhail Yu. Arshinov Philippe Ciais Boris D. Belan Philippe Nédélec 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2009,43(6):1302-1309
Ultra-fine particle number concentrations were measured over Siberia during two large-scale airborne measurement campaigns in April and September 2006. During both campaigns, an aircraft flew between Novosibirsk and Yakutsk, collecting every 200 km vertical profiles up to 7 km. This dataset was completed by 5 years of monthly profiles above Novosibirsk. Particle number concentration was measured in the size ranges 3–70 and 70–200 nm, along with other tracers. Free troposphere (FT) particle concentrations (N3–200) varied between 60 and 460 cm?3, inferior to boundary layer concentrations (100–7000 cm?3). In April, high concentrations of ~500 cm?3 were observed in a polluted air mass recently uplifted at 5–6 km altitude over eastern Siberia, with no sign of significant new particle formation. In September, particle concentrations decreased with altitude, but with a steeper gradient in N70–200 compared to N3–70, the latter accounting for 90% of the total particle concentration in the free troposphere at 6–7 km altitude. Because ultra-fine particles presumably have short lifetimes, these observed particles could have been formed in situ in the clean Siberian atmosphere. Two cases of possible nucleation with high concentration and N3–70/N70–200 ratios are reported for the September campaign, in the upper troposphere and in cloud outflow in the mid-troposphere. In the seasonal analysis, a FT N3–70 maximum is found in July–August between 6 and 7 km altitude, with N3–70 accounting for ~90% of N3–200 supporting the hypothesis of in situ formation in the FT. A secondary FT maximum of N3–70 was identified later in autumn. In the boundary layer, seasonally maximum N3–70 concentrations were found over Novosibirsk in May and September, but not in summer, possibly due to scavenging by precipitations and a large condensational sink from biomass burning aerosols. Our dataset has a limited size resolution and no speciation capability; more investigation is thus required to understand the conditions leading to in situ nucleation processes in the Siberian air shed. 相似文献
227.
Jorge Pey Xavier Querol Andrés Alastuey Sergio Rodríguez Jean Philippe Putaud Rita Van Dingenen 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2009,43(29):4407-4415
Extensive measurements on particle number concentration and size distribution (13–800 nm), together with detailed chemical composition of PM2.5 have constituted the main inputs of the database used for a source apportionment analysis. Data were collected at an urban background site in Barcelona, Western Mediterranean.The source identification analysis helped us to distinguish five emission sources (vehicle exhausts, mineral dust, sea spray, industrial source and fuel-oil combustion) and two atmospheric processes (photochemical induced nucleation and regional/urban background particles derived from coagulation and condensation processes). After that, a multilinear regression analysis was applied in order to quantify the contribution of each factor.This study reveals that vehicle exhausts contribute dominantly to the number concentration in all the particle sizes (52–86%), but especially in the range 30–200 nm. This work also points out the importance of the regional and/or urban formed aerosols (secondary inorganic particles) on the total number concentration (around 25% of the total number), with a higher impact on the accumulation mode. The photo-chemically induced nucleation of aerosols only represents a small proportion of the total number as an annual mean (3%), but is very relevant when considering only the nucleation mode (13–20 nm) fraction (23%). The other sources recognized registered sporadic contributions to the total number, coinciding with specific meteorological scenarios.This study discloses the main sources and features affecting and controlling the fine and ultra-fine aerosols in a typical city in the Western Mediterranean coast. Whereas the road traffic appears to be the most important source of sub-micrometric aerosols, other sources may not be negligible under specific meteorological conditions. 相似文献
228.
Four sediment cores collected in the Seine River basin and dated between 1916 and 2003 were analyzed for lead concentrations and isotopic composition. In all four cores, the measured Pb concentration (up to 460 mg kg−1) lies significantly above the natural background (27-40 mg kg−1), although a significant decrease (down to 75 mg kg−1) was observed during the second half of the 20th century which can be explained by the reduction of lead emissions. The 206Pb/207Pb ratio measured in these samples indicates that the main source of Pb used in the Paris conurbation is characterized by a “Rio Tinto” signature (defined as 206Pb/207Pb = 1.1634 ± 0.0001). A high contribution, up to 25%, from the leaded gasoline (characterized by 206Pb/207Pb = 1.08 ± 0.02) is revealed in the Seine River downstream Paris, indicating that lead from the leaded gasoline is preferentially released to the river.The dominating Pb signature in the Paris conurbation that is currently sampled through incinerators fumes (206Pb/207Pb = 1.1550 ± 0.0005) and waste water treatment plant (206Pb/207Pb = 1.154 ± 0.002), represents a mixture of highly recycled lead from the Rio Tinto mine and lead from leaded gasoline (imprinted by the low 206Pb/207Pb of the Broken Hill mine). This signature is called “urban” rather than “industrial”, because it is clearly distinct from the Pb that is found in areas contaminated by heavy industry, i.e. the heavy industries located on the Oise River which used lead from European ores characterized by high 206Pb/207Pb ratios (∼1.18-1.19) and possibly a minor amount of North American lead (206Pb/207Pb ratios > 1.20). The “urban” signature is also found in a rural area upstream of Paris in the 1970’s. At the Seine River mouth in 2003, Pb with an urban signature represents 70% of the total Pb sediment content, with the 30% remaining corresponding to natural Pb. 相似文献
229.
Fournier A Feidt C Travel A Bizec BL Venisseau A Marchand P Jondreville C 《Chemosphere》2012,88(3):300-306
Transfer of indicator polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs) from soil into hen eggs may occur in hens reared outdoor, which ingest significant amounts of soil. This transfer depends on the bioavailability of the ingested compounds. The impact of soil on the bioavailability of indicator PCBs was assessed by means by a relative bioavailability (RBA) trial, in which their deposition in egg yolk and in abdominal fat, in response to their ingestion through contaminated-soil and through spiked-oil were compared. A sandy soil (709 μg indicator PCBs kg−1 dry matter) was collected in the vicinity of a former fire involving treated wood. Twenty-eight laying hens were individually housed and fed one of the seven experimental diets during 14 d. The seven experimental diets were an uncontaminated control diet, three diets in which contaminated soil was introduced at levels of 3%, 6% and 9% and three diets in which spiked oil was introduced to achieve similar levels and profile of contaminants. Yolk, abdominal fat and liver were collected at the end of exposure. Indicator PCBs were extracted by ASE (Accelerated Solvent Extraction) and analyzed by GC-HMRS. Within each ingested matrix, the concentration of indicator PCBs in yolk and in abdominal fat linearly increased with the amount of indicator PCB ingested (P < 0.001). Except for PCB 28, the slopes of the responses to soil and to oil could not be differentiated (P > 0.1). RBA estimates did not differ from 1 for all indicator PCBs except for PCB 28, for which it was 0.58-0.59. Measurements performed on liver confirm these conclusions. 相似文献
230.
Neus Collado Gianluigi Buttiglieri Boris A. Kolvenbach Joaquim Comas Philippe F.-X. Corvini Ignasi Rodríguez-Roda 《Chemosphere》2013,90(8):2309-2314
A significant percentage of bisphenol A and nonylphenol removal in municipal wastewater treatment plants relies on biodegradation. Nonetheless, incomplete information is available concerning their degradation pathways performed by microbial communities in activated sludge systems. Hydroquinone dioxygenase (HQDO) is a specific degradation marker enzyme, involved in bisphenol A and nonylphenol biodegradation, and it can be produced by axenic cultures of the bacterium Sphingomonas sp. strain TTNP3. Proteomics, a technique based on the analysis of microbial community proteins, was applied to this strain. The bacterium proteome map was obtained and a HQDO subunit was successfully identified. Additionally, the reliability of the applied proteomics protocol was evaluated in activated sludge samples. Proteins belonging to Sphingomonas were searched at decreasing biomass ratios, i.e. serially diluting the bacterium in activated sludge. The protein patterns were compared and Sphingomonas proteins were discriminated against the ones from sludge itself on 2D-gels. The detection limit of the applied protocol was defined as 10?3 g TTNP3 g?1 total suspended solids (TSSs). The results proved that proteomics can be a promising methodology to assess the presence of specific enzymes in activated sludge samples, however improvements of its sensitivity are still needed. 相似文献