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341.
Water Access, Water Scarcity, and Climate Change 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Pierre Mukheibir 《Environmental management》2010,45(5):1027-1039
This article investigates the approaches of the various discourses operating in the water sector and how they address the
issues of scarcity and equitable access under projected climate change impacts. Little synergy exists between the different
approaches dealing with these issues. Whilst being a sustainable development and water resources management issue, a holistic
view of access, scarcity and the projected impacts of climate change is not prevalent in these discourses. The climate change
discourse too does not adequately bridge the gap between these issues. The projected impacts of climate change are likely
to exacerbate the problems of scarcity and equitable access unless appropriate adaptation strategies are adopted and resilience
is built. The successful delivery of accessible water services under projected climate change impacts therefore lies with
an extension of the adaptive water management approach to include equitable access as a key driver. 相似文献
342.
343.
Andreas Klumpp Wolfgang Ansel Gabriele Klumpp Jörn Breuer Philippe Vergne María José Sanz Stine Rasmussen Helge Ro-Poulsen Àngela Ribas Artola Josep Peñuelas Shang He Jean Pierre Garrec Vicent Calatayud 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2009,43(2):329-339
Within a European biomonitoring programme, Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) was employed as accumulative bioindicator of airborne trace elements (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb, Sb, V, Zn) in urban agglomerations. Applying a highly standardised method, grass cultures were exposed for consecutive periods of four weeks each to ambient air at up to 100 sites in 11 cities during 2000–2002. Results of the 2001 exposure experiments revealed a clear differentiation of trace element pollution within and among local monitoring networks. Pollution was influenced particularly by traffic emissions. Especially Sb, Pb, Cr, Fe, and Cu exhibited a very uneven distribution within the municipal areas with strong accumulation in plants from traffic-exposed sites in the city centres and close to major roads, and moderate to low levels in plants exposed at suburban or rural sites. Accumulation of Ni and V was influenced by other emission sources. The biomonitoring sites located in Spanish city centres featured a much higher pollution load by trace elements than those in other cities of the network, confirming previously reported findings obtained by chemical analyses of dust deposition and aerosols. At some heavily-trafficked sites, legal thresholds for Cu, Pb, and V contents in foodstuff and animal feed were reached or even surpassed. The study confirmed that the standardised grass exposure is a useful and reliable tool to monitor and to assess environmental levels of potentially toxic compounds of particulate matter. 相似文献
344.
Evaluation of a low-cost adsorbent for removal of toxic metal ions from wastewater of an electroplating factory 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Francisco W. Sousa Marcelo James Sousa Isadora R.N. Oliveira Andr G. Oliveira Rivelino M. Cavalcante Pierre B.A. Fechine Vicente O.S. Neto Denis de Keukeleire Ronaldo F. Nascimento 《Journal of environmental management》2009,90(11):3340-3344
In this study, sugar cane residue or bagasse was used for removal of toxic metal ions from wastewater of an electroplating factory located in northeast Brazil. Prior acid treatment increased the adsorption efficacies in batch wise experiments. The microstructure of the material before and after the treatment was investigated by X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Column operations showed that removals of Cu2+, Ni2+ and Zn2+ from wastewater (in the absence of cyanide) were 95.5%, 96.3.0%, and 97.1%, respectively. Regeneration of the adsorbent obtained in acid indicated that the efficiencies decreased only after the fourth cycle of re-use. Acid-treated sugar cane bagasse can be considered a viable alternative to common methods to remove toxic metal ions from aqueous effluents of electroplating industries. 相似文献
345.
Irina Gaus Pascal Audigane Laurent Andr Julie Lions Nicolas Jacquemet Pierre Durst Isabelle Czernichowski-Lauriol Mohamed Azaroual 《International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control》2008,2(4):605
Geochemistry plays an important role when assessing the impact of CO2 storage. Due to the potential corrosive character of CO2, it might affect the chemical and physical properties of the wells, the reservoir and its surroundings and increase the environmental and financial risk of CO2 storage projects in deep geological structures. An overview of geochemical and solute transport modelling for CO2 storage purposes is given, its data requirements and gaps are highlighted, and its progress over the last 10 years is discussed. Four different application domains are identified: long-term integrity modelling, injectivity modelling, well integrity modelling and experimental modelling and their current state of the art is discussed. One of the major gaps remaining is the lack of basic thermodynamical and kinetic data at relevant temperature and pressure conditions for each of these four application domains. Real challenges are the coupled solute transport and geomechanical modelling, the modelling of impurities in the CO2 stream and pore-scale modelling applications. 相似文献
346.
Faucher K Fichet D Miramand P Lagardère JP 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2008,151(1):148-157
The effect of chronic exposure to a low concentration (0.5 microg l(-1)) of cadmium ions was investigated on escape behaviour of sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax, using video analysis. Observations were also performed on the microanatomy of lateral system neuromasts. When fish were exposed for 4h per day over 8 days to the cadmium ions, most of both types of neuromasts observed remained intact. However, some of them presented damaged sensory maculae. Whereas before cadmium exposure, fish responded positively to nearly all the lateral system stimulations, after exposure they decreased by about 10% their positive responses to stimulations. From the 15th day after the beginning of cadmium exposure, neuromasts presented progressively less damage, cadmium accumulation in gills and scales decreased significantly and fish escape behaviour had recovered. This study presents a new concept in ecotoxicology: using behavioural change to reveal the effects of pollution levels, scarcely detectable by currently used techniques (physiological responses). 相似文献
347.
Ozone risk assessment for plants: central role of metabolism-dependent changes in reducing power 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Dizengremel P Le Thiec D Bagard M Jolivet Y 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2008,156(1):11-15
The combination of stomatal-dependent ozone flux and total ascorbate level is currently presented as a correct indicator for determining the degree of sensitivity of plants to ozone. However, the large changes in carbon metabolism could play a central role in the strategy of the foliar cells in response to chronic ozone exposure, participating in the supply of reducing power and carbon skeletons for repair and detoxification, and modifying the stomatal mode of functioning. To reinforce the accuracy of the definition of the threshold for ozone risk assessment, it is proposed to also consider the redox pool (NAD(P)H), the ratio between carboxylases and the water use efficiency as indicators of the differential ozone tolerance of plants. 相似文献
348.
Massad RS Loubet B Tuzet A Cellier P 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2008,154(3):390-403
The ammonia stomatal compensation point of plants is determined by leaf temperature, ammonium concentration ([NH4+]apo) and pH of the apoplastic solution. The later two depend on the adjacent cells metabolism and on leaf inputs and outputs through the xylem and phloem. Until now only empirical models have been designed to model the ammonia stomatal compensation point, except the model of Riedo et al. (2002. Coupling soil-plant-atmosphere exchange of ammonia with ecosystem functioning in grasslands. Ecological Modelling 158, 83-110), which represents the exchanges between the plant's nitrogen pools. The first step to model the ammonia stomatal compensation point is to adequately model [NH4+]apo. This [NH4+]apo has been studied experimentally, but there are currently no process-based quantitative models describing its relation to plant metabolism and environmental conditions. This study summarizes the processes involved in determining the ammonia stomatal compensation point at the leaf scale and qualitatively evaluates the ability of existing whole plant N and C models to include a model for [NH4+]apo. 相似文献
349.
350.
Marie Revel Christophe Colin Stefano Bernasconi Nathalie Combourieu-Nebout Emmanuelle Ducassou Francis E. Grousset Yann Rolland Sebastien Migeon Delphine Bosch Pierre Brunet Yulong Zhao Jean Mascle 《Regional Environmental Change》2014,14(5):1685-1696
The Nile delta sedimentation constitutes a continuous high-resolution record of Ethiopian African monsoon (EAM) regime intensity. Multi-proxy analyses performed on hemipelagic sediments deposited on the Nile deep-sea fan allow the quantification of the Saharan aeolian dust and the Blue/White Nile River suspended matter frequency fluctuations during the last 21,000 years. The radiogenic strontium and neodymium isotopes, clay mineralogy, elemental composition and preliminary palynological analyses reveal large changes in source components, oscillating between a dominant aeolian Saharan contribution during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and the late Holocene (~4,000–2,000 years), a dominant Blue/Atbara Nile River contribution during the early Holocene (15,000–8,000 years) and a probable White Nile River contribution during the middle Holocene (8,000–4,000 years). The following main features are highlighted: (1) The rapid shift from the LGM arid conditions to the African Humid Period (AHP) started at about 15,000 years. The AHP extends until 8,000 years, and we suggest that the EAM maximum between 15,000 and 8,000 years is responsible for a larger Blue/Atbara Nile sediment load and freshwater input into the eastern Mediterranean Sea. (2) The transition between the AHP and the arid late Holocene is gradual and occurs in two main phases between 8,400–6,500 years and 6,500–3,200 years. We suggest that the main rain belt shifted southward from 8,000 to ~4,000 years and was responsible for progressively reduced sediment load and freshwater input into the eastern Mediterranean Sea. (3) The aridification along the Nile catchments occurred from ~4,000 to 2,000 years. This dry period, which culminates at 3,200 year, seems to coincide with a re-establishment of increased oceanic primary productivity in the western Mediterranean Sea. Such a pattern imposes a large and rapid northward shift of the rain belt over the Ethiopian highlands (5–15°N) since 15,000 years. Precipitation over Ethiopia increased from 15,000 to 8,000 years. It was followed by a gradual southward shift of the rain belt over the equator from 8,000 to 4,000 years and finally a large shift of the rain belt south the equator between 4,000 and 2,000 years inducing North African aridification. We postulate that the decrease in thermohaline water Mediterranean circulation could be part of a response to huge volumes of freshwater delivered principally by the Nile River from 15,000 to 8,000 years in the eastern Mediterranean. 相似文献