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101.
Some mate choice theories propose that only male signals that are honest and condition-dependent can be stable, while another
hypothesis states that males evolve signals that exploit the sensory system of females. However, sensory traps might evolve
into honest signals if they are differentially costly for males. We tested whether a pre-existing sensory bias for food chemicals
explained chemosensory preferences of female Iberian rock lizards for male scents. We manipulated hunger levels of females
and found that food-deprived females had increased chemosensory responses to chemical stimuli from both invertebrate prey
and femoral secretions of males, but not to control water. Further tests suggested that cholesta-5,7-dien-3-ol (provitamin
D3), a lipid found in both prey and males’ scent, may be one of the chemicals eliciting these responses. Moreover, hungry females
spent more time on scent marks of males that had experimentally increased cholesta-5,7-dien-3-ol than on scent marks of males
alone, whereas for control females this effect was not significant. We suggest that preexisting sensory bias for essential
nutrients (i.e., provitamin D) may be the origin of similar female responses to male chemicals. However, previous studies
have suggested that the allocation of these chemicals to ornaments is costly and only high quality males can afford it. Therefore,
preexisting sensory bias for essential nutrients may further allow the evolution and maintenance of honest sexual displays. 相似文献
102.
Ruixue Chang Qiuyue Guo Qing Chen Maria Pilar Bernal Qian Wang Yanming Li 《环境科学学报(英文版)》2019,31(6):306-315
To inactivate the potentially pathogenic microorganisms and safely utilize vegetable waste compost, ultra-high temperatures( 70°C) should be maintained during the composting without having an inhibitory effect on maturity. This study investigated the influence of bulk density(part 1) and easily-degraded organic matter content(EDOMC, part 2) on temperature evolution during vegetable waste composting: Part 1: corn straw with different particle sizes was used to achieve different bulk densities in the composting material(BD1–BD3); Part 2: partial or total substitution of the corn straw by corn starch was carried out to obtain different EDOMC(ED1–ED4). The composting experiments were conducted in a labscale reactor(1.75 kg material) and lasted for 30 d. Temperature and CO2 emission were recorded daily, and the organic matter, lignocellulose, microbial activity, germination index(GI) and C/N of the samples were measured at different stages. The highest temperature(65.7°C) in part 1 occurred in the treatment with the bulk density of 0.35 g/cm3, which also had the longest thermophilic phase. Bulk density was found to seriously influence the utilization efficiency of O2 and heat transfer through materials, rather than heat production from organic matter degradation. In experiment part 2, the highest temperature was obtained with EDOMC of 45%(71.4°C). Therefore, adjusting the bulk density to 0.35 g/cm3 and the easily-degraded organic matter content of the initial material to 45% was the best combination for reaching temperatures above 70°C during composting, with no inhibitory effect on the maturity of the compost product. 相似文献
103.
Urban waste recycling behavior: antecedents of participation in a selective collection program 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
ABSTRACT/
The aim of this study is to analyze the antecedents of urban waste recycling behavior. To achieve this goal, a concrete urban
waste management program was chosen. The study focuses on the Selective Collection Program (SCP) in Zaragoza, a medium-sized
city in northeastern Spain. The research starts with a conceptual model in which the variables that potentially affect recycling
behavior can be classified into two groups: incentives and barriers. Moreover, the sociodemographic characteristics of the
individuals are included in our study. Given that the proposed model requires specification of latent variables or constructs,
the analysis is based on the Structural Equation Models (SEM) methodology. The results revealed that environmental awareness,
knowledge of the environmental impact of urban waste, and the positive perception of management by local government exercise
a positive effect on individual recycling behavior, while perceived personal difficulties (space and time availability) and
distance to and from the container have a negative effect. As regards sociodemographic variables, this study found that annual
family income sustains a negative relationship with recycling behavior, while age maintains a positive one. The results obtained
clearly show the important role that the public authorities play, especially municipal governments, in achieving the waste
recycling objectives established in accordance with international legislation. 相似文献
104.
Pilar D. S. C. Mariani Antonio P. Vinagre Neto José P. da Silva Jr. Elke J. B. N. Cardoso Elisa Esposito Lucia H. Innocentini-Mei 《Journal of Polymers and the Environment》2007,15(1):19-24
The biodegradability properties of poly(ɛ-caprolactone) (PCL) and modified adipate-starch (AS) blends, using Edenol-3203 (E)
as a starch plasticizer, were investigated in laboratory by burial tests of the samples in previously analyzed agricultural
soil. The biodegradation process was carried out using the respirometric test according to ASTM D 5988-96, and the mineralization
was followed by both variables such as carbon dioxide evolution and mass loss. The results indicated that the presence of
AS-E accelerated the biodegradation rate as expected. 相似文献
105.
People choose to participate in recycling for a variety of reasons. This study analyzes the relationship between the frequency of selective separation and general refuse disposal, and the influence on the recycling habit of the walking distance to drop off the materials. The methodology employed was one of personal interviews in the street, the study population being a region in the north of Spain (Principality of Asturias). More than one thousand people participated in this survey carried out in 2002. Five hypotheses related to three variables (the frequency for depositing recycling materials and general refuse, the distance to recycling and general bins, and the recycling habit) were tested using different statistical tests. Results show that the people who frequently go to the bins to dispose of general refuse are more likely to recycle some product at home, and in most cases, as the distance to the recycling bins decreases, the number of fractions that citizens separate and collect at home increases. Most of the results obtained have been compared with other previous in literature. 相似文献
106.
Animals should optimize the decision of when to come out from a refuge after a predators unsuccessful attack because hiding may be costly. Many prey run to hide in refuges in their habitat, whereas others are sessile and take refuge in a protective structure surrounding their body. An intermediate situation is when animals, such as turtles, have morphological structures that provide some partial protection, but they are also able to escape actively to safer refuges. This might complicate hiding decisions predicted by the theory of optimal-refuge use. We studied antipredatory tactics of Spanish terrapins (Mauremys leprosa) in response to simulated predatory attacks with different characteristics (i.e. combinations of several risk factors) and under different conditions (i.e. proximity to safe refuges), which should contribute to overall risk-level estimation. We specifically examined how risk level affected time spent withdrawn into the shell and time until turtles switched to an active escape tactic. The results showed that turtles were able to adjust their hiding behavior by assessing the risk of emerging before the predator had left the area. However, increasing hiding time may also increase the risk that the predator was able to injure or kill the turtle. Thus, the possibility of switching the antipredatory tactic to an alternative active escape to safer refuges (i.e. water) also influenced hiding times.Communicated by P. Bednekoff 相似文献
107.
María Pilar Martín Porrero Maria Paz Gallego-Iniesta García Jose Luis Espinosa Ruiz Araceli Tapia Valle Beatriz Cabañas Galán Maria Sagrario Salgado Muñoz 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2010,17(3):539-546
Background, aim, and scope
Acrylate and methacrylate esters are α,β-unsaturated esters that contain vinyl groups directly attached to the carbonyl carbon (CH2=CHCOO– and CH2=CCH3COO–, respectively) and are widely used in the polymer plastic and resin production. Rate coefficients for Cl reactions for most of the unsaturated esters have not been previously determined, and a good understanding is needed of all the atmospheric oxidation processes of these compounds in order to determine lifetimes in the atmosphere and to evaluate the impact of these reactions on the formation of photo-oxidants and therefore on health and environment. 相似文献108.
The efficiency of ZnO and TiO2 suspensions in the photocatalytic degradation of two fungicides (cyprodinil and fludioxonil) in leaching water was investigated. The experiments were carried out at pilot plant scale using compound parabolic collectors under natural sunlight. The blank experiments for both irradiated compounds solutions showed that both oxides strongly enhanced the removal of the fungicides. The addition of an oxidant (Na2S2O8) to the ZnO or TiO2 increased the rate of photooxidation. The degradation of cyprodinil and fludioxonil followed first order kinetics according to the Langmuir-Hinshelwood model. Complete degradation of both fungicides was achieved within 4 h (t30W = 18 min) when treated with illuminated ZnO. The disappearance time (DT75), when referred to the normalized illumination time (t30W), was lower than 40 and 550 min (t30W = 2 and 40 min) for both fungicides using ZnO or TiO2, respectively. ZnO appeared to be more effective in cyprodinil and fludioxonil oxidation than TiO2 probably due to its nonstoichiometry. 相似文献
109.
The mechanisms that confer honesty to multiple sexual signals of vertebrates remain less known. We suggest that vitamin E
in the scent (femoral secretions) and carotenoids in coloration of Lacerta lepida lizards might advertise quality because they are relevant in metabolism as major antioxidants and have a dietary origin.
Results showed that there may be similar trade-offs between immunity and both chemical and visual signaling, as males with
more vitamin E in secretions and those with more greenish, darker, and saturated carotenoid-dependent colorations had a higher
immune response. This suggests that only high-quality males can divert from metabolism and allocate enough vitamin E to secretions
and enough carotenoids to coloration. Therefore, information provided by visual and chemical signals is congruent. The use
of multiple sensory channels may allow signaling a male quality under different circumstances or reinforce the reliability
of the signal when both signals are perceived simultaneously. However, we also found that characteristics of carotenoid-dependent
coloration mirror the amounts of vitamin E in secretions. This might support that carotenoids, which are not true antioxidants
in the organism, would just reflect and “inform” on the actual contents of metabolic antioxidant vitamin E, which is part
of the true system that prevent oxidation. We suggest that the metabolic roles of vitamins might be the actual basis of honesty
of many sexual displays, and that carotenoid-based signals might be just the visible part of the whole system. 相似文献
110.
Monica Montory Evelyn Habit Pilar Fernandez Joan O. Grimalt Ricardo Barra 《环境科学学报(英文版)》2012,24(2):221-227
This pilot study documented the occurrence and levels of brominated flame retardants in the tissues of farmed and wild salmon in southern Chile. Samples of Coho salmon and rainbow trout were obtained from fish farms, rivers and lakes in the Patagonia in Aysen Region, Chile. The samples were analyzed by Gas Chromatography Negative Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry for the different polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners. Contaminants were observed in all the samples, and the congeners BDE 17, 28, 47 and 66 were observed in all both farmed and wild samples. The concentrations were higher in the farmed Coho salmon, presenting significant differences with wild salmon. The levels reached 182 pg/g wet weight (ww) vs. 120 ww. In the case of the rainbow trout, the concentrations were lower, although the congener profile was quite similar. The levels reached an average of 100 pg/g ww in the farmed fish versus 110 pg/g ww in wild fish, and no significant difference was observed between the species. In both species, the congener with the highest concentration was BDE 47. Based on this information, the BDE flow was estimated for commerce, which is a form of pollutant transport not usually considered in POP pollution studies. A preliminary estimation indicated that the quantity of PBDEs mobilized by commerce was in the order of kg, and in the case of Chile might reach almost 1 kg. 相似文献