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63.
Pilar Flores Alfredo Lacasa Pedro Fernández Pilar Hellín José Fenoll 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2013,48(6):513-518
A greenhouse study was conducted to evaluate the effect of biofumigation (with sheep and chicken manure) combined with solarization on the dissipation of pesticides (pyrifenox, DDT and dieldrin), and on soil metals accumulation. The treatments consisted of a control, and soil disinfestations by biofumigation combined with solarization (B+S) for two, four, five, six consecutive years. B+S enhanced the dissipation of pyrifenox with regard to control treatment. Significant differences were not detected among plots disinfected with B+S for consecutive years. On the other hand, B+S had no effect on the dissipation of DDT and dieldrin, probably due to the resistance of these pesticides to microbial degradation and/or high temperatures. Biofumigation is considered to be an environmentally safe practice, since no accumulation of heavy metals such as Cd, Co, Cu, Cr, Pb, Ni, or Zn was observed after the subsequent application of organic matter through the treatments. 相似文献
64.
Lacal J da Silva MP García R Sevilla MT Procopio JR Hernández L 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2003,124(2):291-305
Sludge from mining exploitation can be a source of land and water contamination in the adjacent zone. Accidents such as the break of waste mining pools in the Aznalcollar Mine (Seville, Spain) in 1998 produce important ecological disasters. In this work is presented a study of the evolution of aqua regia leachable concentration and mobility of metals in sediment samples of Guadiamar River basin from the accident date up to 2001. The application of BCR standard extraction procedures provides valuable information about the mobility and toxicity of the spill and the metal mobility in Guadiamar River polluted sediments. As a rule, themobility of several metals in the initial sludge (sulphides) is low, except for copper. Otherwise, the results of aqua regia leachable concentration and mobility of metal obtained for sediments samples indicate that the cleaning and inertisation works carried out in the zone have been adequate but insufficient, being the metal levels observed in the zone are higher than natural levels. To establish the initial impact of the spill and the mobility changes with time, mineralogical composition of the pyritic sludge and its evolution after the natural weathering and after the induction, of accelerated ageing processes by light and temperature was studied in the laboratory. Oxidation of initial sulphides to sulphates was observed. Both environmental and laboratory oxidation of the metallic sulphides increase the mobility of all metals, especially of copper, zinc and lead. The proposed laboratory procedure allows to predict the changes in mobility and therefore in toxicity that can occur at short or long term after exposure of sludge at environ-mental conditions. The mobility results in sludge and sediment samples are interpreted in terms of the mineral composition of the samples. 相似文献
65.
Parasites and health affect multiple sexual signals in male common wall lizards, Podarcis muralis 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Multiple advertising sexual traits may either advertise different characteristics of male condition or be redundant to reinforce reliability of signals. Research has focused on multiple visual traits. However, in animals that use different multiple additional sensory systems, such as chemoreception, different types of traits might have evolved to signal similar characteristics of a male quality using different sensory channels. We examined whether ventral coloration and chemicals in femoral gland secretions of male common wall lizards, Podarcis muralis, are affected by their health state (blood-parasite load and cell-mediated immune response). Our results indicated that less parasitized lizards had brighter and more yellowish ventral colorations and also femoral secretions with higher proportions of two esters of octadecenoic acid. In addition, lizards with a greater immune response had more saturated coloration and secretions with higher proportions of octadecenoic acid methyl ester. We suggest that these signals would be reliable because only healthier males seemed able to allocate more carotenoids to coloration and presumably costly chemicals to secretions. The use of multiple sensory channels may provide more opportunities to signal a male quality under different circumstances, but also may reinforce the reliability of the signal when both types of traits may be perceived simultaneously. 相似文献
66.
Pilar?LópezEmail author Pedro?Aragón José?Martín 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2003,55(1):73-79
Female mate choice based on visual traits appears to be rare in lizards. Field observations suggest that females of the lizard Lacerta monticola preferred to mate with larger/older males. Although older males are usually green and larger, and younger males brown and smaller, there is some overlap in size and coloration between age classes. Thus, visual cues may not always be reliable indicators of a male's age. We hypothesized that female mate-choice preferences may be based on males' pheromones, which might transmit information about characteristics such as age. In a laboratory experiment, we analyzed the effect of age of males on attractiveness of their scents to females. When we offered scents of two males of different age, females associated preferentially with scents of older males. This suggested that females were able to assess the age of males by chemical signals alone, and that females preferred to be in areas scent-marked by older males. Thus, females may increase their opportunities to mate with males of high quality, or may avoid harassment by sneaking young males. This result agreed with field observations on females mating with old males, and rejection of advances by young males. Our results also suggested that female preference for older males may depend on their own body size. Large females showed a strong preference for older males, whereas smaller females were not so selective. This, together with males' preference for large females, might lead to size-assortative matings. We suggest that the quality and/or quantity of male pheromones could communicate to the female heritable male genetic quality (i.e. age) and thereby serve as the basis of adaptive female choice in lizards.Communicated by W.E. Cooper 相似文献
67.
Pilar?LópezEmail author José?Martín Mariano?Cuadrado 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2003,54(3):218-224
Males of many species of lizards show conspicuous breeding colors but, in some species, young competitively inferior males conceal their sexual identity by a female-like dull coloration that allows them to evade aggression from dominant males and to adopt an alternative satellite-sneaking mating tactic. However, large males of the lizard Psammodromus algirus reacted aggressively to young intruder males despite their female-like coloration, suggesting that they might have the ability to recognize competitor males by chemosensory cues. We experimentally manipulated the head coloration (brown vs orange) and scents (male vs female) of small young males. For staged agonistic encounters, we compared the response of resident unmanipulated large males to the different manipulated small males. When we manipulated only the color of small males, the response of resident large males was independent of the paint manipulation; brown and orange males elicited a similar aggressive response. However, when we also manipulated the scent, small males painted orange or brown, but bearing the scent of males, received a significantly higher number of aggressive responses than small males painted orange or brown, but bearing the scent of females. The results showed that, at close range, the reaction of large males to manipulated individuals was dependent on the scent, whereas color seemed to be less important. Coloration may be, however, more important in long-distance communication as shown by the outcome of the first encounters. Also, orange coloration may increase the intensity of the aggressive response. Effective sex recognition by territorial large males is important in natural situations to avoid sneak matings by young male competitors. Thus, even if small males visually conceal their sexual identity, chemosensory cues allow large males to identify them at close range. 相似文献
68.
Estefanía Zuriaga Laura Lomba Beatriz German Pilar M. Lanuza Luis Aldea Mª Pilar Ribate 《Chemistry and Ecology》2019,35(2):102-114
The acute ecotoxic effects of ibuprofen and omeprazole and their mixture have been measured using Aliivibrio fischeri as a biomodel. The toxic effects were also tested after 5 days, and an effect-driven approach was used to analyse the results. The toxic effects of the mixtures were compared with the predictions obtained using concentration addition and independent action mathematical methods.
According to the Passino and Smith classification, the results indicate that ibuprofen can be considered slightly toxic (10<EC50 <100?mg?L-1), while omeprazole can be denoted as moderately toxic (1<EC50 <10?mg?L-1) to Aliivibrio fischeri. An overestimation of the actual ecotoxic effect of the mixture was found when the concentration addition and independent action methods were applied. Finally, the effect-driven approach indicated that the transformation products of the studied drugs should be prioritized for risk assessment purposes. 相似文献
69.
Testosterone stress does not increase asymmetry of a hormonally mediated sexual ornament in a lizard
José P. Veiga Alfredo Salvador Pilar López José Martin 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》1997,41(3):171-176
The theory that fluctuating asymmetry is sensitive to both environmental and genetic stress is gaining acceptance among evolutionary
biologists. Most empirical work has focused on ornamental traits on the assumption that they are more susceptible to stress.
In tegumentary coloration is a common ornament in nature, and frequently has a hormonal basis. Earlier studies in the lizard
Psammodromus algirus indicate that testosterone induces the development of head nuptial coloration in large males and, at the same time, produces
an increase of the ectoparasite load and higher mortality. Hence, the manipulation of testosterone levels may be a way to
increase ornament expression and simultaneously create conditions that may make symmetrical development difficult. This positive
covariation between character size and symmetry is opposite to that expected in theory for sexually selected traits, so the
predicted elevation of asymmetry due to the treatment cannot be confounded by any intrinsic association between symmetry and
character size. We firstly consider the effect that testosterone supplementation has on two variables that reflect the symmetry
of bilateral throat nuptial coloration in large P. algirus males. Also, we examine whether ornament symmetry is positively associated with reproductive success, a prediction of theory
of sexually selected symmetry. Testosterone treatment did not increase the fluctuating asymmetry of throat coloration. Size
asymmetry increased with character size in individuals with a fragmented colour pattern, but changed suddenly to a highly
symmetric pattern in individuals with non-fragmented coloration. Mirror asymmetry decreased steadily with character size.
These results suggest that the development of coloration on both sides of the throat midline follows a random pattern. Asymmetry
did not correlate with variables that estimated reproductive success, suggesting that asymmetry is not affected by physiological
stress and that this trait is not a sexually selected signal in P. algirus.
Received: 1 July 1996 / Accepted after revision: 4 May 1997 相似文献
70.
Jose Martín Pilar López Pablo Iraeta José A. Díaz Alfredo Salvador 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2016,70(10):1657-1668