主要污染物排放总量综合管理与应用

污染物排放总量控制制度在减少污染物排放、减轻环境污染、改善环境质量等方面发挥着重要的作用。本文以排污总量控制为出发点,梳理了污染物排放量初始核定、排污许可证、排污权交易、总量减排核查核算等工作现状,探讨了当前各项总量业务在管理中存在的问题,并提出构建"减排量综合利用体系"的观点,以期提供高效的总量管理方案,为进一步推进总量减排制度的发展和完善提供借鉴和参考。     

Yangtze Three Gorges Reservoir, China: A holistic assessment of organic pollution, mutagenic effects of sediments and genotoxic impacts on fish

Besides obvious benefits,the Three Gorges Dam's construction resulted in new pollution scenarios with the potentials to threaten the Three Gorges Reservoir(TGR) ecosystem.In order to record organic contamination,to find links to ecotoxicological impacts and to serve as reference for ensuing monitoring,several sites in the TGR area were screened applying the triad approach with additional lines-of-evidence as a holistic assessment method.Sediments and the benthic fish species Pelteobagrus vachellii were sampled in 2011 and 2012 to determine organic pollution levels,mutagenic potentials and genotoxic impacts.Two regional hot-spots near the cities of Chongqing and Kaixian were identified and further investigated in 2013.Only polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) could be detected in sediments in 2011(165–1653 ng/g),emphasizing their roles as key pollutants of the area.Their ubiquity was confirmed at Chongqing(150–433 ng/g) and Kaixian(127–590 ng/g) in2013.Concentrations were comparable to other major Chinese and German rivers.However,the immense sediment influx suggested a deposition of 216–636 kg PAH/day(0.2–0.6 mg PAH/(m2·day)),indicating an ecotoxicological risk.PAH source analysis highlighted primary impacts of combustion sources on the more industrialized upper TGR section,whereas petrogenic sources dominated the mid-low section.Furthermore,sediment extracts from several sites exhibited significant activities of frameshift promutagens in the Ames fluctuation assay.Additionally,significant genotoxic impairments in erythrocytes of P.vachellii were detected(Chongqing/Kaixian),demonstrating the relevance of genotoxicity as animportant mode of action in the TGR's fish.PAHs,their derivatives and non-target compounds are considered as main causative agents.     

Methanation and chemolitrophic nitrogen removal by an anaerobic membrane bioreactor coupled partial nitrification and Anammox

● Efficient carbon methanation and nitrogen removal was achieved in AnMBR-PN/A system. ● AOB outcompeted NOB in PN section by limiting aeration and shortening SRT. ● The moderate residual organic matter of PN section triggered PD in anammox unit. ● AnAOB located at the bottom of UASB played an important role in nitrogen removal. An AnMBR-PN/A system was developed for mainstream sewage treatment. To verify the efficient methanation and subsequent chemolitrophic nitrogen removal, a long-term experiment and analysis of microbial activity were carried out. AnMBR performance was less affected by the change of hydraulic retention time (HRT), which could provide a stable influent for subsequent PN/A units. The COD removal efficiency of AnMBR was > 93% during the experiment, 85.5% of COD could be recovered in form of CH₄. With the HRT of PN/A being shortened from 10 to 6 h, nitrogen removal efficiency (NRE) of PN/A increased from 60.5% to 80.4%, but decreased to 68.8% when the HRT_PN/A further decreased to 4 h. Microbial analysis revealed that the highest specific ammonia oxidation activity (SAOA) and the ratio of SAOA to specific nitrate oxidation activity (SNOA) provide stable NO₂⁻-N/NH₄⁺-N for anammox, and anammox bacteria (mainly identified as Candidatus Brocadia) enriched at the bottom of Anammox-UASB might play an important role in nitrogen removal. In addition, the decrease of COD in Anammox-UASB indicated partial denitrification occurred, which jointly promoted nitrogen removal with anammox.     

密闭空间有害气体的吸附工艺研究

吸附技术是密闭空间比较普遍的净化方法,而制约其净化效果的是吸附剂的发展。为了提高吸附技术的吸附效果,研制了一种新型的吸附材料,实验证明这种吸附材料能够有效的去除密闭空间中的多种有害气体。对于CO2、H2S、NH3以及NO2的消除率均达到了82.2%以上。同时在湿度较大的情况下也能很好的捕集空气中的粉尘。吸附材料实现了工业化的制备,可以在地下工程或其他密闭环境中得到推广应用。     

硫酸盐还原菌还原铬(Ⅵ)的研究

从电镀厂废水的淤泥中,用Ｈｕｎｇａｔｅ厌氧技术分离出一株高效还原铬（Ⅵ）的硫酸盐还原菌,菌体为弧形杆状,宽０．５－０．８μｍ,长２－４．２μｍ,革兰氏阴性,极生单鞭毛,作无规则的渐近式运动,无芽孢,无荚膜,不完全氧化乳酸盐到乙酸盐,能利用可溶性淀粉,葡萄糖,蔗糖,Ｈ２＋ＣＯ２,乙醇,甲酸盐等为唯一碳源。经鉴定属于Ｄｅｓｕｌｆｏｖｂｒｉｏ ｓｐ．用ＳＲＩＶ菌进行去除铬（Ⅵ）的实验表明最适生长温度３０     

粉煤灰的活化性能研究

研究了粉煤灰的活化方法,确定了最适宜的活化剂HR和相应的活化条件。利用XPS．IR．TEM．TGA和DTA等方法研究了活化粉煤灰的表面成分、基团和形貌。考察了活化粉煤灰的疏水性和在有机介质中的分散性及亲和性。证明活化剂分子是以化学键牢固地结合在粉煤灰表面上而使其显著改性。     

堆肥化生物修复技术处理有毒有害固体废弃物的模拟研究

采用好氧堆肥法,分别于常温和高温条件下研究了人工模拟有害固体废弃物降解的动态过程,结果表明,以石油烃为污染基质的固定体废弃物,堆肥降解的适宜工艺条件为：温度５０－６０℃,含水率在６０％左右,Ｃ／Ｎ３５左右,通风量０．０５－０．１Ｎｍ＾３／（ｈ．ｍ＾３）,高温停留时间７ｄ,ＴＯＣ〉２０％。     

河流横向混合系数的室内试验

本文在实验室矩形平直明渠内,对横向混合系数的公式结构进行了探讨.在室内模型内做大量的示踪试验,获得63组实验数据,在此基础上确定了关于横向混合系数的准数关系式,并对该式作了分析.由室内模型所归纳的公式和结论,可为天然顺直河流横向混合系数的确定提供参考.     

结构性环境问题——我国环境评价遭遇的"结构"困境

近年来 "结构性环境问题"在我国频发,尤其是结合项目环境影响评价(EIA)制度而突出表现为一种困境--"符合环保先进标准的高环境风险项目".当前学界对于环境问题的认识逐渐从物理层面转向社会层面,然而,对环境评价的研究还停留在基于环境要素功能特征的方法改进和制度完善,当前的结构性环境问题反映出的环境资源在不同利益群体间的不合理性分配还没有被充分认识到.由此,文章借助析出的环境问题两个主要影响变量:环境资源的稀缺性和配置结构的合理性,对"结构性环境问题"的产生过程和特征进行了分析.进而,文章借助系统论的功能-结构理论,结合厦门PX项目事件,认为现有环境评价主要定位于"功能性"特征,还不能针对性地把握结构性环境问题,由此面临结构性困境.为了避免这种困境,有必要进一步展开针对结构性环境问题的环境影响评价方法和制度研究,而且环境影响评价的"结构性"转化也具备着基础理论的支持.