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21.
Nandika Prasadani Miguntann Ashantha Goonetilleke Prasanna Egodowatt Serge Kokot 《环境科学学报(英文版)》2010,22(6):806-812
This article discusses the outcomes of a research project on nutrients build-up on urban road surfaces.Nutrient build-up was investigated on road sites belonging to residential,industrial and commercial land use.Collected build-up samples were separated into five particle size ranges and were tested for total nitrogen (TN),total phosphorus (TP) and sub species of nutrients,namely,NO 2- ,NO 3- ,TKN and PO 43-.Multivariate analytical techniques were used to analyse the data and to develop detailed understanding on build- up.Data analysis revealed that the solids loads on urban road surfaces are highly influenced by factors such as land use,antecedent dry period and traffic volume.However,the nutrient build-up process was found to be independent of the type of land use.It was solely dependent on the particle size of solids build-up.Most of the nutrients were associated with the particle size range 150 μm.Therefore,the removal of particles below 150 μm from road surfaces is of importance for the removal of nitrogen and phosphorus from road surface solids build-up.It is also important to consider the difference in the composition of nitrogen and phosphorus build-up in the context of designing effective stormwater quality mitigation strategies. 相似文献
22.
Gayan Lakendra Gunaratne Norio Tanak Prasanna Amarasekar Tilak Priyadarshan Jagath Manatunge 《环境科学学报(英文版)》2010,22(6):813-819
Groyne system modification is described related to restoration e orts to Koggala lagoon, Sri Lanka.The large-scale unplanned sand
removal at the lagoon mouth shifted the formation of sand bar towards the lagoon and made adverse e ects on its ecosystem. After the
removal of the natural sand bar, groyne system was constructed to avoid sand deposition in the lagoon and to protect the highway bridge
(across the lagoon outlet channel) from the wave attack. The existing groyne system resulted the lagoon mouth being permanently open
to sea which in turn led to many environmental problems. Groyne system modification is proposed in this study to reduce the sea water
intrusion.Water budget and two-dimensional depth averaged hydrodynamic model were developed for understanding the hydrologic
and flow characteristics of the lagoon. Numerical experiments was performed at lagoon mouth area for two cases: (1) existing condition
and (2) proposed rubble mound groyne system condition. Comparison of results was obtained for both cases to describe flow pattern at
lagoon mouth. Results further showed, the width should be reduced to a maximum of 40 m. Proposed mouth width (40 m) pushed the
salting factor towards 0.5 from 0.68. Salting factor reduction with the groyne modification may result a predominant influence of fresh
water which may in turn lead lagoon to a fresh water ecosystem. 相似文献
23.
Emma R. Wilson Kelly L. Smalling Timothy J. Reilly Elmer Gray Laura Bond Lance Steele Prasanna Kandel Alison Chamberlin Justin Gause Nicole Reynolds Ian Robertson Stephen Novak Kevin Feris Merlin M. White 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2014,50(2):420-433
Fungicides are moderately hydrophobic and have been detected in water and sediment, particularly in agricultural watersheds, but typically are not included in routine water quality monitoring efforts. This is despite their widespread use and frequent application to combat fungal pathogens. Although the efficacy of these compounds on fungal pathogens is well documented, little is known about their effects on nontarget fungi. This pilot study, a field survey in southwestern Idaho from April to December 2010 on four streams with varying pesticide inputs (two agricultural and two reference sites), was conducted to assess nontarget impact of fungicides on gut fungi, or trichomycetes. Tissues of larval black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae), hosts of gut fungi, were analyzed for pesticide accumulation. Fungicides were detected in hosts from streams within agricultural watersheds but were not detected in hosts from reference streams. Gut fungi from agricultural sites exhibited decreased percent infestation, density and sporulation within the gut, and black fly tissues had elevated pesticide concentrations. Differences observed between the sites demonstrate a potential effect on this symbiotic system. Future research is needed to parse out the details of the complex biotic and abiotic relationships; however, these preliminary results indicate that impacts to nontarget organisms could have far‐reaching consequences within aquatic ecosystems. 相似文献
24.
Aquatic macrophytes play an important role in the structural and functional aspects of aquatic ecosystems by altering water
movement regimes, providing shelter to fish and aquatic invertebrates, serving as a food source, and altering water quality
by regulating oxygen balance, nutrient cycles, and accumulating heavy metals. The ability to hyperaccumulate heavy metals
makes them interesting research candidates, especially for the treatment of industrial effluents and sewage waste water. The
use of aquatic macrophytes, such as Azolla with hyper accumulating ability is known to be an environmentally friendly option to restore polluted aquatic resources.
The present review highlights the phytoaccumulation potential of macrophytes with emphasis on utilization of Azolla as a promising candidate for phytoremediation. The impact of uptake of heavy metals on morphology and metabolic processes
of Azolla has also been discussed for a better understanding and utilization of this symbiotic association in the field of phytoremediation. 相似文献
25.
Estimating Evapotranspiration for Dryland Cropping Systems in the Semiarid Texas High Plains Using SWAT 下载免费PDF全文
Gary W. Marek Prasanna H. Gowda Steven R. Evett R. Louis Baumhardt David K. Brauer Terry A. Howell Thomas H. Marek R. Srinivasan 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2016,52(2):298-314
The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) is one of the most widely used watershed models for simulating hydrology in response to agricultural management practices. However, limited studies have been performed to evaluate the SWAT model's ability to estimate daily and monthly evapotranspiration (ET) in semiarid regions. ET values were simulated using ArcSWAT 2012 for a lysimeter field managed under dryland conditions at the USDA‐ARS Conservation and Production Research Laboratory at Bushland, Texas, and compared with measured lysimeter values from 2000 to 2010. Two scenarios were performed to compare SWAT's performance: (1) use of default plant leaf area index (LAI) values in the embedded plant database and (2) adjusted LAI values. Scenario 1 resulted in an “unsatisfactory” Nash‐Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) of 0.42 and 0.38 for the calibration and validation periods, respectively. Scenario 2 resulted in a “satisfactory” NSE value for the calibration period while achieving a “good” NSE of 0.70 for the validation period. SWAT generally underestimated ET at both the daily and monthly levels. Overestimation during fallow years may be due to the limitations of the pothole function used to simulate furrow diking. Users should be aware of potential errors associated with using default LAI parameters. Inaccuracies in ET estimation may also stem from errors in the plant stress functions, particularly when evaluating water management practices for dryland watersheds. 相似文献
26.
Mansour Talebizadeh Daniel N. Moriasi Jean L. Steiner Prasanna H. Gowda Haile Tadesse Amanda M. Nelson Patrick J. Starks 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2019,55(4):994-1008
Global sensitivity analysis can be used for assessing the relative importance of model parameters on model outputs. The sensitivity of parameters usually indicates a temporal variation due to variation in the environmental conditions (e.g., variation in weather or plant growth). In addition, the size of averaging window by which the outputs of a model are aggregated or averaged may impact parameter sensitivities. In this study, temporal variation of parameters sensitives, model performance, as well as the impact of the size of time‐averaging window on evapotranspiration (ET) prediction using the Agricultural Policy/Environmental eXtender (APEX) model are investigated. To achieve these goals, an open‐source package named PARAPEX was developed in R and used to perform dynamic sensitivity and model performance analysis of APEX using parallel computation. PARAPEX reduced the computation time from 5,939 to 379 s (using 20 and 1 computation nodes, respectively). The sensitivity analysis results indicated the parameters accounting for the reducing effect of plant cover on evaporation from the soil surface, the effect of soil on the plant root growth, and the effect of cycling and transformation dynamics of organic matter at the top soil layer as the top sensitive parameters based on the mean daily simulated ET and the Nash–Sutcliffe model performance measure. The dynamic performance analysis indicated poor ET predictions by APEX during the growing seasons. Editor's note : This paper is part of the featured series on Optimizing Ogallala Aquifer Water Use to Sustain Food Systems. See the February 2019 issue for the introduction and background to the series. 相似文献
27.
Erin M.K. Haacker Vaishali Sharda Amanda M. Cano R. Aaron Hrozencik Agustín Núez Zachary Zambreski Soheil Nozari Garvey Engulu B. Smith Lacey Moore Sumit Sharma Prasanna Gowda Chittaranjan Ray Meagan Schipanski Reagan Waskom 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2019,55(1):6-23
Agricultural water management (AWM) is an interdisciplinary concern, cutting across traditional domains such as agronomy, climatology, geology, economics, and sociology. Each of these disciplines has developed numerous process‐based and empirical models for AWM. However, models that simulate all major hydrologic, water quality, and crop growth processes in agricultural systems are still lacking. As computers become more powerful, more researchers are choosing to integrate existing models to account for these major processes rather than building new cross‐disciplinary models. Model integration carries the hope that, as in a real system, the sum of the model will be greater than the parts. However, models based upon simplified and unrealistic assumptions of physical or empirical processes can generate misleading results which are not useful for informing policy. In this article, we use literature and case studies from the High Plains Aquifer and Southeastern United States regions to elucidate the challenges and opportunities associated with integrated modeling for AWM and recommend conditions in which to use integrated models. Additionally, we examine the potential contributions of integrated modeling to AWM — the actual practice of conserving water while maximizing productivity. Editor's note : This paper is part of the featured series on Optimizing Ogallala Aquifer Water Use to Sustain Food Systems. See the February 2019 issue for the introduction and background to the series. 相似文献
28.
Randhir K. Bharti Dolly W. Dhar Radha Prasanna Anil Kumar Saxena 《International Journal of Green Energy》2018,15(1):45-52
Generation of biodiesel from microalgae has been extensively investigated; however, its quality is often not suitable for use as fuel. Our investigation involved the evaluation of biodiesel quality using a native isolate Chlorella sorokiniana MIC-G5, as specified by American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), after transesterification of lipids with methanol, in the presence of sodium methoxide. Total quantity of lipids extracted from dry biomass, of approximately 410–450 mg g?1 was characterized using FTIR and 1H NMR. After transesterification, the total saturated and unsaturated fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) were 43% and 57%, respectively. The major FAMEs present in the biodiesel were methyl palmitate (C16:0), methyl oleate (C18:1), and methyl linoleate (C18:2), and the 1H NMR spectra matched with criteria prescribed for high-quality biodiesel. The biodiesel exhibited a density of 0.873 g cm–3, viscosity of 3.418 mm2 s?1, cetane number (CN) of 57.85, high heating value (HHV) of 40.25, iodine value of 71.823 g I2 100 g?1, degree of unsaturation (DU) of 58%, and a cold filter plugging point (CFPP) of –5.22°C. Critical fuel parameters, including oxidation stability, CN, HHV, iodine value, flash point, cloud point, pour point, density, and viscosity were in accordance with the methyl ester composition and structural configuration. Hence, C. sorokiniana can be a promising feedstock for biodiesel generation. 相似文献
29.
Impact of Length of Dataset on Streamflow Calibration Parameters and Performance of APEX Model 下载免费PDF全文
Amanda M. Nelson Daniel N. Moriasi Mansour Talebizadeh Jean L. Steiner Remegio B. Confesor Prasanna H. Gowda Patrick J. Starks Haile Tadesse 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2017,53(5):1164-1177
Due to resource constraints, long‐term monitoring data for calibration and validation of hydrologic and water quality models are rare. As a result, most models are calibrated and, if possible, validated using limited measured data. However, little research has been done to determine the impact of length of available calibration data on model parameterization and performance. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of length of calibration data (LCD) on parameterization and performance of the Agricultural Policy Environmental eXtender model for predicting daily, monthly, and annual streamflow. Long‐term (1984‐2015) measured daily streamflow data from Rock Creek watershed, an agricultural watershed in northern Ohio, were used for this study. Data were divided into five Short (5‐year), two Medium (15‐year), and one Long (25‐year) streamflow calibration data scenarios. All LCD scenarios were calibrated and validated at three time steps: daily, monthly, and annual. Results showed LCD affected the ability of the model to accurately capture temporal variability in simulated streamflow. However, overall average streamflow, water budgets, and crop yields were simulated reasonably well for all LCD scenarios. 相似文献
30.
Vasanthavigar M Srinivasamoorthy K Prasanna MV 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2012,184(1):405-420
The Thirumanimuttar sub-basin forms an important groundwater province in south India, facing serious deficiency in both quality
and quantity of groundwater due to increased demand associated with rapid population explosion, agricultural growth and industrial
activities. A total of 194 groundwater samples were collected and 15 water quality parameters were analyzed using standard
procedures. Na + , Cl − , Ca2 + , HCO3-_{3}^{-}, Mg2 + and SO42-_{4}^{2-} concentration ions are more dominant in both seasons. The total dissolved solids and electrical conductivity was observed
good correlation with Na + , Cl − , HCO3-_{3}^{-}, Ca2 + , Mg2 + , Cl − , PO43-_{4}^{3-} and NO3- _{3}^{- } ions indicating dominance of plagioclase feldspar weathering, anthropogenic input and over drafting of groundwater irrespective
of seasons. The Hill–Piper diagram indicates alkaline earths exceed the alkalis, an increase of weak acids was noted during
both the seasons. For assessing the groundwater for irrigation suitability parameters like total hardness, sodium adsorption
ratio, residual sodium carbonate (RSC), permeability index, and sodium percentage are also calculated. Permanent hardness
was noted in higher during both the seasons due to discharge of untreated effluents and ion exchange process. The RSC indicates
56% of the samples are not suitable for irrigation purposes in both seasons, if continuously used will affect the crop yield.
From the results, nearly 72% of the samples are not suitable for irrigation. 相似文献