Remediation of contaminated land and groundwater: experience in England and Wales

Remediation of contaminated land and groundwater is of common international concern. The context and approach taken to the problem are, however, country-specific. A survey of remedial activity occurring within England and Wales over the period 1996-1999 was commissioned by the Environment Agency (for England and Wales) to establish a baseline against which future trends in remedial activity could be judged. This paper: explains the context of contaminated land and groundwater remediation in England and Wales (Britain); provides an overview of the 1996-1999 survey of remedial activity, discussing its findings within its legislative and institutional context; and, discusses the survey results of significance to the management of contaminated land and groundwater internationally. The survey obtained specific data from 367 remediated sites supplemented by general data from a further 1189 contaminated (not necessarily remediated) sites. The survey aimed to be, and was indicative of remediation practice, and did not seek to identify every remediation scheme operating. Previous anecdotal evidences were generally confirmed. Civil engineering-based techniques dominated and were used at 94% of sites with in situ techniques (predominantly vapour extraction-based) on 16% and ex situ on just 5%. Although disposal to landfill was dominant and occurred at over 80% of sites, integrated use of multiple techniques was common. Remediation was predominantly of soil (rather than water), development-based, designed to protect human health and reflected national development-led and 'suitable for use' policies. Lessons of international relevance from the survey and general British experience are drawn concerning remediation technique selection, regulatory and financial support of innovative remediation techniques and demonstration sites, competent use of risk-based approaches to allow pragmatic remediation and effective use of quality guidelines, need for effective guidance to highlight water quality issues, the necessity of post remediation monitoring to prove remediation effectiveness and the keeping of remediation databases.     

Characteristic levels of heavy metals in sediments and dredged sediments of a municipal creek in the Niger delta, Nigeria

Characteristic levels of metal ions in post dredged sediment and dredged sediments materials of a municipal creek in the Niger Delta show that significant concentrations of heavy metals are found to be accumulated more on the surface (0–15cm depth) of the dredged material as compared to the sub surface (15–30cm) and post dredged sediments. The distribution patterns were in the following order Fe > Mn > Zn > Cu > Pb > Ni > Cd and Fe > Mn > Zn > Pb > Cu > Ni > Cd for the post dredged sediment and dredged sediment materials respectively. The levels of the various metals were far below the EPA screening levels for open water disposal, consequently total levels of heavy metal found in these sediments pose no problem by open-water or upland disposal     

快速断电安全技术中半导体中性点开关结构性能的研究

对我国目前半导体中性点开关的结构 ,工作过程 ,性能进行了分析 ;现行中性点开关所存在的问题为电路拓扑结构不合理 ,关断时间过长或过短 ,过长不满足快速断电安全技术的要求 ,过短又易引起过电压 ,使中性点开关失控。笔者提出了采用绝缘门极双极性晶体管 (IGBT) ,构成半导体中性点开关的可行方案。同时指出 ,开发新型快速断电安全技术装置 ,将大大提高我国煤矿安全技术水平     

基于多Agent技术的交通事故救援系统的研究

着重介绍了目前人工智能领域的研究热点问题———Agent技术的概念与原理 ,以及多Agent组的概念和分类 ;提出了基于多Agent技术的交通事故救援系统的流程框架 ;论述了该系统每一个Agent成员所能够完成的主要功能 ;通过该系统的实现 ,可以提高交通事故的及时报警与快速解决的效率 ,实行更加有效的交通流量合理分配 ;在利用既有交通基础设施的基础上增强了出行者的出行便利。笔者认为 ,随着Agent技术和网络技术研究的不断深入 ,基于Agent的应用研究必将有着更广泛的应用前景     

矿井主通风机叶轮磨损失效的评价

矿井主通风机叶轮严重磨损威胁着矿井安全生产 ,研究主通风机叶轮磨损和正确地评价叶轮的磨损失效 ,对煤矿安全生产具有重大的现实意义。应用气—固两相流动理论分析了主通风机叶轮的磨损部位 ,结论与现场叶轮的实际磨损相吻合。提出了叶轮磨损过程的 3个阶段。利用材料磨损理论分析了主通风机叶轮磨损机理 ,得出了叶轮磨损是以气体动力学磨料的冲蚀磨损为主 ,低应力擦伤型磨料磨损、腐蚀磨损为辅的结论。依据国家标准 ,结合矿井主通风机工作特点 ,从安全角度提出了矿井主通风机叶轮磨损永久失效的判据 ,并给出了判定标准。     

盾构施工对周围建筑物的安全影响及处理措施

讨论了盾构施工对周围建筑物的安全影响 ;分析了盾构通过建筑物时的组织方法 ;论述了盾构施工影响区域的划分和对建筑物影响进行预测的手段 ;提出了盾构通过建筑物时的施工控制参数和常见的工程处理措施。笔者就盾构施工引起的建筑物安全问题及其应对措施进行了论述和总结 ,为工程技术人员提供了有益的参考。     

桥梁实用延性抗震设计方法研究

针对铁路桥梁中应用广泛的单柱式桥墩 ,考虑多种跨度 ,多种墩高和多种场地及多种地震烈度的情况 ,在进行大量的桥墩结构线性和非线性弹塑性动力计算分析的基础上 ,通过对大量数据的统计分析 ,得到桥墩线弹性最大弯矩比和非线性位移延性比参数的变化规律 ,基于概率性的结构随机地震反应理论 ,建立了由线弹性动力分析结果来估算桥墩结构的位移延性响应的方法。     

计算流体力学(CFD)中的迭代法及其并行计算方法

应用计算流体力学 (CFD)方法分析事故原因已被广泛采用 ,笔者针对事故理论分析和流体计算过程中 ,运用CFD方法所存在计算量大的问题 ,分析和讨论了几种古典迭代法及其并行计算方法     

桥梁抗震主动控制的稳定性研究

主动控制应用于实际结构 ,需要考虑其控制效果的稳定性问题 ,为此 ,分析了桥梁抗震主动控制中可能出现的计算模型误差和系统误差 ,并讨论了应用H2 控制和H∞ 控制两种算法的稳定性。理论分析和仿真计算表明 ,在频谱特性不同的地震激励下 ,H2 控制和H∞ 控制两种算法都可以取得满意的控制效果 ;对于计算模型误差 ,H2 控制和H∞ 控制两种算法的鲁棒性相当 ,控制效果稳定 ;对于系统误差 ,H∞ 控制算法比H2 控制算法鲁棒性强 ,在较大的误差下可以保持控制效果的稳定性