“以电代煤”环境效益分析

目前 ,我国只有约 1 /3的煤用于发电 ,远低于发达国家的水平。要改善我国特别是城市大气环境状况 ,实行“以电代煤”是一条最有效的途径。本文以上海、北京、柳州等城市为例 ,分析了“以电代煤”的环境效益 ,并指出 ,使用电力作为最终消费方式 ,最清洁、方便 ,效率最高 ,也最易于控制。     

矿物纤维粉尘的环境健康效应研究

研究者运用表面化学，电化学和细胞培养等生化方法，以及IR，XRF，UV等谱学和电子微束手段，通过对主要6类不同形态矿物粉尘的特征，表面官能团和活性位分析以及电化学，溶解，毒性研究等，提出了表面介体的概念并初步验证了它的存在，从表面官能团，表面综合性状探讨了矿物纤维材料的表面化学活性一生物活性－生物持久性－生物毒性－环境安全性；提出界／膜体系来研究矿物生产生物毒性的过程和所依存的条件；对矿物粉尘在Gamble溶液，血清与生物大分子，人体有机酸，氨基酸，维生素中以及动物体内行为的研究，进一步阐明了在氨基酸／蛋白质／功能膜以及含有外露蛋白质的其它有机体单元中粉尘的溶解，反应，络合与破坏，粉尘中的硅成分在体内的残留，溶解，运移方式，选择性吸附体液中的脂－醇类物质，红细胞及其残片，粉尘与体内物质交换及免疫细胞的相互作用过程，提供了降低粉尘毒性的处理方式。     

Seasonality of carbonaceous aerosol composition and light absorption properties in Karachi, Pakistan

Characteristics of carbonaceous aerosol(CA) and its light absorption properties are limited in Karachi,which is one of the most polluted metropolitan cities in South Asia.This study presents a comprehensive measurement of seasonality of CA compositions and mass absorption cross-section(MAC) of elemental carbon(EC) and water-soluble organic carbon(WSOC) in total suspended particles(TSP) collected from February 2015 to March 2017 in the southwest part of Karachi.The average TSP,organic carbon(OC),and EC concentrations were extremely high with values as 391.0±217.0,37.2±28.0,and 8.53±6.97 μg/m~3,respectively.These components showed clear seasonal variations with high concentrations occurring during fall and winter followed by spring and summer.SO_4~(2-),NO_3~-,K~+,and NH_4~+showed similar variations with CA,implying the significant influence on atmospheric pollutants from anthropogenic activities.Relatively lower OC/EG ratio(4.20±2.50)compared with remote regions further indicates fossil fuel combustion as a primary source of CA.Meanwhile,sea salt and soil dust are important contribution sources for TSP.The average MAC of EC(632 nm) and WSOC(365 nm) were 6.56±2.70 and 0.97±0.37 m~2/g,respectively.MAC_(EC) is comparable to that in urban areas but lower than that in remote regions,indicating the significant influence of local emissions.MACwsoc showed opposite distribution with EC,further suggesting that OC was significantly affected by local fossil fuel combustion.In addition,dust might be an important factor increasing MACwsoc particularly during spring and summer.     

稻田土壤β-1, 4-葡萄糖苷酶活性对温度变化的响应特征

温度是土壤酶活性的关键非生物影响因子,调控着土壤物质周转过程.为了探究温度变化对稻田土壤有机质周转及其关键胞外酶活性的影响,设计室内培养试验,分别在5、15、25和35℃下测定亚热带稻田土壤BG（β-1,4-葡萄糖苷酶）活性,探究温度对土壤胞外酶活性及其与碳氮转化过程的影响特征.结果表明:稻田土壤中w（DOC）（DOC为可利用态碳）、w（NH₄+-N）和w（MBC）（MBC为微生物生物量碳）在5~25℃下随着培养时间的增加而降低.在第15天时BG活性达到306.57~437.75 nmol/（g·h）,并随温度的增加表现为先增后减,在第3、75天时,25℃下BG活性为184.46~207.60 nmol/（g·h）.土壤酶活性的Q₁₀（温度敏感性）在15℃升至25℃时表现出正响应（Q₁₀=1.5）,而在5~15℃和25~35℃时Q₁₀ < 1,表现为消除效应.土壤酶活性的变化是多因素共同影响的结果,温度作为关键影响因子,升温显著改变了土壤中w（DOC）、w（NH₄+-N）、w（MBC）、w（MBN）（MBN为微生物生物量氮）,进而影响土壤BG活性;土壤中w（MBC）对BG活性具有直接的显著负影响作用.研究显示,对参与稻田土壤碳转化BG酶活性的温度敏感性及其与土壤关键理化因子之间的耦合关系进行量化,有助于深入开展水稻土碳循环及其调控机制研究.      

Characteristics of air pollution by polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in the typical industrial areas of Tangshan City, China

The ambient air in vicinity of different industrial sources for PCDD/PCDFs was sampled by TSP/PM10 active samplers and passive PUF disk samplers in Tangshan City, a metropolis containing clusters of various industrial plants. The TEQ concentrations of PCDD/PCDFs ranged from 44.2 to 394.1 fg I-TEQ/m3 with an average of 169.9 fg I-TEQ/m3. 2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF was the dominant contributor to PTEQ, contributing 41% (12% to 55%), while 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDF, OCDD and OCDF were the major congeners for the total concentrations. The ratios of PPCDF/PPCDD reached 2.54 on average, suggesting that de novo synthesis in thermal processes played an important role to the airborne pollution of PCDD/PCDFs. The similarities congener profiles indicated that TSP and PM10 active sampling methods are comparable for the determination of the PCDD/PCDFs in ambient air, and the ratios of concentrations determined by the two methods suggested that the PCDD/PCDFs tended to stay in fine particles. It was found that 2,3,7,8-TCDF and OCDD were the dominating congeners in the passive PUF disks samples. Through principal components analysis, the coke industry was suggested to be a relatively high potential emission source for PCDD/PCDFs in the ambient air of Tangshan, which was possibly formed by de novo synthesis mechanism. In this study, the atmospheric impacts to the environment from di erent industrial sources could be ranked as follows (from high to low): coking, iron sintering, steel making, power generation and chlorinate alkali chemical production industries.     

Mineral materials as feasible amendments to stabilize heavy metals in polluted urban soils

Four minerals, agricultural limestone (AL), rock phosphate (RP), palygorskite (PG), and calcium magnesium phosphate (CMP), were evaluated by means of chemical fractions of heavy metals in soils and concentrations of heavy metals in leachates from columns to determine their ability to stabilize heavy metals in polluted urban soils. Two urban soils (calcareous soil and acidic soil) polluted with cadmium, copper, zinc and lead were selected and amended in the laboratory with the mineral materials) for 12 months. Results indicated that application of the mineral materials reduced exchangeable metals in the sequence of Pb, Cd > Cu > Zn. The reduction of exchangeable fraction of heavy metals in the soils amended with di erent mineral materials followed the sequence of CMP, PG > AL > RP. Reductions of heavy metals leached were based on comparison with cumulative totals of heavy metals eluted through 12 pore volumes from an untreated soil. The reductions of the metals eluted from the calcareous soil amended with the RP, AL, PG and CMP were 1.98%, 38.89%, 64.81% and 75.93% for Cd, 8.51%, 40.42%, 60.64% and 55.32% for Cu, 1.76%, 52.94%, 70.00% and 74.12% for Pb, and 28.42%, 52.74%, 64.38% and 49.66% for Zn. Those from the acidic soil amended with the CMP, PG, AL, and RP were 25.65%, 68.06%, 78.01% and 79.06% for Cd, 26.56%, 49.64%, 43.40% and 34.68% for Cu, 44.44%, 33.32%, 61.11% and 69.44% for Pb, and 18.46%, 43.77%, 41.98% and 40.68% for Zn. The CMP and PG treatments were superior to the AL and RP for stabilizing heavy metals in the polluted urban soils.     

型煤固硫技术应用分析研究

为降低固硫型煤成本,提高固硫效率,控制燃烧时的异味,添加不同比例复合固硫助燃剂,进行燃烧试验.结果显示:添加6%复合固硫助燃剂有较好的固硫效果.     

轻型柴油车实际道路瞬时排放模拟研究

系统介绍了CMEM模型及其计算原理.以轻型柴油车为研究对象,给出了模型的主要输入参数,并计算了车辆在实际道路上的瞬时排放结果,并根据实测数据对模拟结果进行了验证.测试车辆的CO、THC、NOx和CO2排放因子为0.81、0.61、2.09和193 g·km-1,相同线路模拟所得的排放因子分别为0.75、0.47、2.47和212 g·km-1,相关系数分别达到0.69、0.69、0.75和0.72.通过模拟发现,轻型柴油车在实际道路微观区域内的排放水平随交通条件和行驶状态波动明显,采用CMEM模型能够较好地反映该车排放随行驶工况的瞬时变化趋势.应用CMEM模拟发现,改善典型交叉口区域的交通条件后,轻型柴油车在模拟区域内的CO、THC、NOx和CO2排放量分别削减了50%、47%、45%和44%,排放改善效果显著.从研究结果来看,利用微观尺度模型来分析混合车流在一些典型交通区域的瞬时排放变化是必要的,也是可行的,对于评价道路交通规划的环境效果具有一定的指导意义.     

北京2019年冬季一次典型霾污染特征与成因分析

为研究北京冬季霾污染过程的污染特征和成因,以北京2019年12月一次典型PM_2.5污染过程为分析对象,利用气溶胶垂直探测资料、边界层气象场和近地湍流资料,对霾不同污染阶段的特征与边界层理化特性的演变进行综合分析.结果表明：①观测期间北京共经历两次污染生消,历时5 d,PM_2.5小时浓度最高220 μg·m^-3,超过重度污染标准的时次占比53%.②高空稳定形势和地面均压场配置下,来自北京西南城市群地表的气溶胶和水汽传输（占比48%）,在近地层偏南弱风（风速1~2 m·s^-1）,贴地强逆温［0.8 K·（100 m）^-1］和高湿（相对湿度80%以上）等不利扩散的气象条件下不断吸湿增长,加之本地污染排放,成为霾日维持的主要原因.且随污染加重,气溶胶球形特征逐步显著（退偏比从0.05降至0.02）.③各湍流统计量（湍流强度、摩擦速度和湍流动能）在重污染发生与结束前提前出现规律性异常突降（小时波动率77%）与激增（超过一个量级的峰值）现象,表明湍流统计量可作为重污染过程发生和结束的预报指标,其中湍流强度响应提前的时长与其峰值后的持续湍流强弱有关.污染累积阶段摩擦速度（0.04~0.21 m·s^-1）、湍流强度（均值0.678）和湍流动能（均值0.643 m²·s^-2）等均维持在较低水平,底层大气混合扩散能力较差,对污染持续累积起重要作用.另外晴天和霾天感热通量均由地面向大气输送,且呈明显的日单峰变化特征,霾天感热通量（20W·m^-2）较晴天小（60W·m^-2）;潜热通量则全程在0值附近.     

种植密度对不同株型玉米生长及根系形态特征的影响

选取平展型(ND108)、紧凑型(ZD958)、小株小穗型(CF008)玉米品种,采用PVC管土柱法种植,密度为1株/盆、2株/盆和3株/盆,探讨种植密度对不同株型玉米的生长特性及根系形态的影响.结果表明:种植密度增加,不同株型玉米个体生长均受到抑制,各项根系形态指标显著降低(P<0.01),但较低幅度增密对平展型品种(ND108)根系各项形态指标无显著影响;种植密度对不同株型玉米品种比根长(SRL)与比根表面积(SRS)的影响程度有显著差异,对平展型品种(ND108)影响最大,对紧凑型品种(ZD958)影响最小;穗根比、根系生物量分配比例存在显著基因型差异,平展型品种(ND108)较其它两个品种具有较高的根系干物重分配比例,但其穗根比较低.综上,增密过程中平展型品种(ND108)倾向于通过形成庞大根系以提升单株竞争能力,但是个体间激烈的竞争将限制群体产量的提高;而紧凑型品种(ZD958)和小株小穗型品种(CF008)个体间竞争较弱,因而在群体压力增大时能够通过增强自身根系的吸收能力以保证对地上部水分、养分供应,有可能获得更高的群体产量.