北京市大气中多氯联苯的污染水平和分布特征

利用XAD树脂被动采样技术和同位素稀释高分辨气相色谱/高分辨质谱联用法(HRGC/HRMS)研究了2012年11月至2014年1月北京地区大气中多氯联苯(PCBs)的污染现状、区域分布特征及季节性变化规律.结果表明,北京大气中19种PCBs总浓度为8.42—45.2 pg·m-3(平均值23.1 pg·m-3),各采样点全年平均毒性当量范围为0.33—3.33 fg WHO-TEQ m-3(平均值1.85 fg WHO-TEQ m-3).PCB-11浓度范围为27.9—136pg·m-3,平均值为78.2 pg·m-3.大气中的PCBs以低氯代(2—5氯代)PCBs为主.季节变化规律呈现出夏/秋季节PCBs浓度高于冬/春季节的规律;区域分布特征呈现出人口密集的城区大于背景区、工业区大于城区的规律.     

Public Attitudes Towards Policy Instruments for Congestion Mitigation in Shanghai

Congestion causes many externalities for the society, including time delays, excessive fuel consumption, air pollution, noise and safety concerns. In Shanghai, various policy options have been explored, piloted or applied; however, not all of them may be understood and accepted by the public. A survey was conducted to investigate people＇s attitudes towards several policy options. The main findings reveal that Shanghai residents are resistant to certain policies, such as congestion charges, higher parking charges in congested areas and car restrictions. Instead, they favor public transport provisions. The paper suggests that there is a case for promoting public transport and more efficient trips when the car ownership is still low, and for investing in a policy of educating the public on the ＇true＇ costs and causes of congestion before embarking on ,an intensive policy of congestion charges or restrictions.     

管式加热炉爆炸事故及预防对策

通过对管式炉爆炸事故的分析,总结预防类似事故发生的应对措施,消除管式加热炉发生爆炸的安全隐患,实现安全生产。     

The impact of urban land expansion on soil quality in rapidly urbanizing regions in China: Kunshan as a case study

At a stage of rapid economic development and urbanization in China, most cities are faced with serious problems caused by environment deterioration such as pollution, space press, afforestation degradation, and disordering. Kunshan City, one of the most economically vigorous regions in China, has suffered a more prominent conflict between urbanization and environmental safety. In this paper, urban land expansion in Kunshan City in the Yangtze River Delta was measured with reference to the Landsat data recorded in 1982, 1991, 1995, and 2003 and change in land-use pattern in 1981, 1991, 1995, and 2004 as well as that in nutrients in soils of different purposes between the periods were analyzed to study the effect of urban land-use expansion on soil characteristics. To get a better understanding of soil nutrients, heavy metal content, and pollution, on-the-spot investigation, sampling and laboratory analysis were all conducted, and the geo-accumulation factors and revised Nemerow comprehensive index method were adopted for evaluation of the findings. The results show that the content of organic matter, total nitrogen, rapidly available nitrogen, and available phosphorus in the soil (except available potassium) all increased, and the average content of As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Ni, Hg, Se, and Zn prove to be 8.61, 0.12, 83.53, 32.49, 29.93, 30.45, 0.27, 0.24, and 93.3 mg kg⁻¹, respectively, showing degradation in soil quality.     

城市小区分散式污水生态处理

本文针对目前我国城市集中式污水处理方法的弊端,提出将小型人工湿地运用于城市小区的污水处理,实现环境目标与经济效益的结合。     

可持续发展与地球表层的进化

包括非生物、生物和人的地球表层巨系统,是人的生存环境,它是进化发展的。人类社会只有认识并遵守地球表层的进化规律,才能达到可持续发展的目标。     

高炉出铁场高温烟尘扩散与捕集特性模拟

高炉出铁场在出铁过程中产生的高温烟尘污染范围广、时间长、阵发性强。高温铁水上方的气流运动为热羽流,受通风气流影响极大,现有除尘罩设计方法无法有效解决高温烟尘的污染问题。针对我国中小型高炉出铁场厂房形式及出铁特点,建立了出铁场厂房内的两相流动模型及高温烟尘扩散与捕集过程的数值模拟方法。模拟发现,高炉前方的气流上升速度先增加后减小,形成了典型的受限空间热羽流。由于出铁口除尘罩与高炉间存在间隙,在抽吸作用下,底部气流在高炉壁面产生向上的高速气流,使除尘罩对高炉间的气流不具有捕集作用。因屋顶通风量较自然通风少2/3,在仅设屋顶通风除尘时,带走的热量减少,使厂房内温度整体偏高。加设出铁口除尘罩后,厂房整体温度明显降低。出铁口除尘罩对颗粒物的整体捕集率可以达到89.66%,但主沟前方颗粒物大量逃逸,捕集率仅为47.71%,铁水沟后方释放的颗粒物距除尘罩较远,捕集率为86.34%,造成的污染范围较大,是目前出铁场作业环境质量不达标的主要原因。     

海上溢油回收技术研究及发展

论述了厌氧-好氧(A/O)工艺的基本原理及工艺参数。该工艺在冀东油田两座废水处理站的应用结果表明,对废水中石油类物质、COD、硫化物去除效果明显。高一联合站及柳一联合站污水经处理后,石油类物质去除率分别为90.6%和96.0%;COD去除率分别为86.0%和91.6%;硫化物去除率分别为94.8%和98.2%,处理后的污水均达到一级排放标准。另外,采用厌氧-好氧工艺的成本相对较低,处理费用低于0.5元/m3。处理后的污水若回注地下,平均费用为4.7元/m3。     

Organic contamination in the Great Wall bay,Antarctica in austral summer

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