Life cycle analysis and choice of natural gas-based automotive alternative fuels in Chongqing Municipality,China

Road transport produces significant amounts of emissions by using crude oil as the primary energy source. A reduction of emissions can be achieved by implementing alternative fuel chains. The objective of this study is to carry out an economic, environmental and energy (EEE) life cycle study on natural gas-based automotive fuels with conventional gasoline in an abundant region of China. A set of indices of four fuels/vehicle systems on the basis of life cycle are assessed in terms of impact of EEE, in which natural gas produces compressed natural gas (CNG), methanol, dimethylether (DME) and Fischer Tropsch diesel (FTD). The study included fuel production, vehicle production, vehicle operation, infrastructure and vehicle end of life as a system for each fuel/vehicle system. A generic gasoline fueled car is used as a baseline. Data have been reviewed and modified based on the best knowledge available to Chongqing local sources. Results indicated that when we could not change electric and hydrogen fuel cell vehicles into commercial vehicles on a large scale, direct use of CNG in a dedicated or bi-fuel vehicle is an economical choice for the region which is most energy efficient and more environmental friendly. The study can be used to support decisions on how natural gas resources can best be utilized as a fuel/energy resource for automobiles, and what issues need to be resolved in Chongqing. The models and approaches for this study can be applied to other regions of China as long as all the assumptions are well defined and modified to find a substitute automotive energy source and establish an energy policy in a specific region.     

电磁辐射污染与防护

随着电子技术的飞速发展,电磁辐射污染问题日趋严重.通过对电磁辐射的理论、危害、污染现状及其目前防治对策的研究得出:在现有的对电磁辐射环境防护措施的基础上,需要在宣传教育、环境标准的制定、环境监测手段、环境质量评价以及电磁辐射防护产品的开发几方面投入更多精力,以便更好的维护公众健康.     

菌株HX5对多种染料的吸附作用

研究了HX5生长菌体对分属活性、酸性、碱性、直接和分散5大类的26种染料的吸附性能．结果表明，HX5生长菌体可在5h内完全吸附直接染料和分散染料，碱性染料在生长菌体上完全吸附脱色的时间为12h，其次是活性染料，最不易吸附的为酸性染料．染料在生长菌体上的吸附由染料分子的结构和性质所决定，直接染料分子呈线性平面结构、疏水性较强，易于吸附，完全吸附脱色的时间为5h；分散性染料水溶性较差，在静电力的诱导之下即可在较短时间内完全吸附脱色；碱性染料分子带正电，与带负电荷的菌丝球表面异性电荷相吸从而发生吸附脱色；活性染料分子中的氨基质子化后与菌丝球表面相互吸引，氨基质子化的程度越高，吸附效果也就越好；酸性染料分子中氨基质子化程度受到结构本身的限制，以及不存在带正电荷的基团，因而吸附效果最差．     

南水北调中线不同调水方案下的汉江水华发生概率分析

为评估南水北调中线工程对汉江中下游水华的影响，从汉江水华的成因机理分析入手，提出了汉江水华发生概率的计算模型．该模型由河流一维水动力学模型、水体富营养化模型以及随机数生成模型组成，它不仅可以模拟汉江水华的发生机理，而且可以对诱发水华的各种因子进行随机抽样组合，从而求出中线调水不同方案实施后汉江水华的发生概率．计算结果表明，在现状情况下汉江水华的发生概率为9．2％，南水北调中线各调水方案（无引江济汉工程）实施后，汉江水华发生的概率将有一定程度的增加，而如果调水方案与引江济汉工程同时兴建将大大减少汉江水华发生的概率．最后提出建议，汉江自身的水污染治理是减少水华发生概率的最根本措施，而丹江口水库和引江济汉工程的联合调度将会减小汉江水华发生的概率．     

Biological pretreatment of Yellow River water

Bio-ceramic filter(BF) and moving-bed biofilm reactor(MBBR) were used for biological pretreatment of Yellow River water in this study. The BF only had slight advantage over MBBR for TOC and ammonia removal. However, like UV254, the average removal rate of THMFP in the BF was much higher than that in the MBBR. UV254 removal did not show obvious correlation with trihalomethane formation potential(THMFP) removal. Hexachlorocyclohexane could be effectively removed in both BF and MBBR. As for diatom and cyanobateria removal the MBBR had better performance than the BF, which was contrary to the average chlorophyll-a(Chl-a) removal rate. The proposal was made in this study that biological flocculation and sedimentation of sloughed biofilm should play a more important role on algae removal in the MBBR than in the BF. The BF and MBBR could effectively remove microcystins. Moreover, MBBR could be a promising technology for biological pretreatment.     

Fe(Ⅲ,Ⅱ)/H2O2体系中Fe(Ⅲ)水解特征的对比

利用Fe Ferron逐时络合比色法对类Fenton与Fenton体系中Fe(Ⅲ )水解形态的转化规律进行了比较 .结果表明 ,水解度越高 ,两体系中Fe(Ⅲ )的水解速度也越快 ,但水解度相同时 ,与Fenton体系相比 ,类Fenton反应生成的Fe(Ⅲ )的水解速率要低 ,且Feb 所占比例也较少 .与Fenton体系一致 ,类Fenton体系中的Fe(Ⅲ )水解速率随H2 O2 浓度的增加而减缓     

天津地区表层土壤多环芳烃含量的中尺度空间结构特征

应用地统计学技术对全天津地区表层土壤中 16种优控多环芳烃含量和土壤理化参数进行了空间结构分析 .结果显示 ,各组分浓度均存在中尺度的空间自相关性 .多环芳烃浓度的空间结构存在明显的各向异性 .大气运移和土壤TOC含量可能是影响土壤多环芳烃浓度空间结构特征的重要环境因素 .     

魔芋葡甘聚糖在污水处理中的应用

该文就魔芋葡甘聚糖的发展研究状况作了概述，并探讨其与蛋白质共混胶应用于水处理的可能性。     

滇池二维分层水质模拟研究

将三维问题“二维化”的分层迭代计算方法引入滇池水质模拟中，建立了湖泊二维分层水质模型，对滇池流场和总氮浓度场分两层进行了模拟计算，计算结果表明，该模型应用于滇池是成功的。     

高浓度Cl-水样CODcr的测定

阐述了高浓度Cl-水样,以铬酸钾做指示剂,加入适量的硝酸银,形成AgCl沉淀,消除了Cl-的干扰,再用离心沉淀机充分沉淀,取上清液,用COD快速测定仪测定CODcr,有很高的准确度,符合测定要求.