Influence of complex reagents on removal of chromium(VI) by zero-valent iron

The removal of Cr(VI) by zero-valent iron (Fe(0)) and the effect of three complex reagents, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), NaF and 1,10-phenanthroline, on this reaction were investigated using batch reactors at pH values of 4, 5 and 6. The results indicate that the removal of Cr(VI) by Fe(0) is slow at pH 5.0 and that three complex reagents play different roles in the reaction. EDTA and NaF significantly enhance the reaction rate. The zero-order rate constants at pH 5.0 were 5.44 microM min(-1) in the presence of 4mM EDTA and 0.99 micrM min(-1) in the presence of 8 mM NaF, respectively, whereas that of control was only 0.33 micrM min(-1), even at pH=4.0. This enhancement is attributed to the formation of complex compounds between EDTA/NaF and reaction products, such as Cr(III) and Fe(III), which eliminate the precipitates of Cr(III), Fe(III) hydroxides and Cr(x)Fe(1-)(x)(OH)(3) and thus reduce surface passivation of Fe(0). In contrast, 1,10-phenanthroline, a complex reagent for Fe(II), dramatically decreases Cr(VI) reduction by Fe(0). At pH=4.0, the zero-order rate constant in the presence of 1mM of 1,10-phenanthroline was 0.02 micrM min(-1), decreasing by 99.7% and 93.9%, respectively, compared with the results in the presence and absence of EDTA. The results suggest that a pathway of the reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) by Fe(0) may involve dissolution of Fe(0) to produce Fe(II), followed by reduction of Cr(VI) by Fe(II), rather than the direct reaction between Cr(VI) and Fe(0), in which Fe(0) transfers electrons to Cr(VI).     

土地生态系统定量评价初探

选取了基本代表土地生态系统质量优劣的土地侵蚀、土地污染、土壤肥力、土地干化-沙化、土地污染盐碱化等指标体系,采用模糊数学方法,对土地生态系统进行定量评价,并以石家庄市为例对评价方法及过程进行了验证。     

Numerical Investigation of the Effects of Boundary-Layer Evolution on the Predictions of Ozone and the Efficacy of Emission Control Options in the Northeastern United States

This paper examines the effects of two different planetary boundary-layer (PBL) parameterization schemes – Blackadar and Gayno–Seaman – on the predicted ozone (O₃) concentration fields using the MM5 (Version 3.3) meteorological model and the MODELS-3 photochemical model. The meteorological fields obtained from the two boundary-layer schemes have been used to drive the photochemical model to simulate O₃ concentrations in the northeastern United States for a three-day O₃ episodic period. In addition to large differences in the predicted O₃ levels at individual grid cells, the simulated daily maximum 1-h O₃ concentrations appear at different regions of the modeling domain in these simulations, due to the differences in the vertical exchange formulations in these two PBL schemes. Using process analysis, we compared the differences between the different simulations in terms of the relative importance of chemical and physical processes to O₃ formation and destruction over the diurnal cycle. Finally, examination of the photochemical model's response to reductions in emissions reveals that the choice of equally valid boundary-layer parameterizations can significantly influence the efficacy of emission control strategies.     

Numerical Investigation of Boundary-Layer Evolution and Nocturnal Low-Level Jets: Local versus Non-Local PBL Schemes

Numerical simulations of the evolution of the planetary boundary layer (PBL) and nocturnal low-level jets (LLJ) have been carried out using MM5 (version 3.3) with four-dimensional data assimilation (FDDA) for a high pollution episode in the northeastern United States during July 15–20, 1999. In this paper, we assess the impact of different parameterizations on the PBL evolution with two schemes: the Blackadar PBL, a hybrid local (stable regime) and non-local (convective regime) mixing scheme; and the Gayno–Seaman PBL, a turbulent kinetic energy (TKE)-based eddy diffusion scheme. No FDDA was applied within the PBL to evaluate the ability of the two schemes to reproduce the PBL structure and its temporal variation. The restriction of the application of FDDA to the atmosphere above the PBL or the lowest 8 model levels, whichever is higher, has significantly improved the predicted strength and timing of the LLJ during the night. A systematic analysis of the PBL evolution has been performed for the primary meteorological fields (temperature, specific humidity, horizontal winds) and for the derived parameters such as the PBL height, virtual potential temperature, relative humidity, and cloud cover fraction. There are substantial differences between the PBL structures and evolutions simulated by these two different schemes. The model results were compared with independent observations (that were not used in FDDA) measured by aircraft, RASS and wind profiler, lidar, and tethered balloon platforms during the summer of 1999 as part of the NorthEast Oxidant and Particle Study (NE-OPS). The observations tend to support the non-local mixing mechanism better than the layer-to-layer eddy diffusion in the convective PBL.     

The Natural Vegetation Responses to the Groundwater Change Resulting from Ecological Water Conveyances to the Lower Tarim River

This paper takes the ecological water conveyance project (EWCP) that transfers water from the Bosten Lake, to Daxihaizi Reservoir, and finally to the Taitema Lake as a case study to analyze the dynamic change of the groundwater depth, the vegetation responses to the elevation of the groundwater depth as well as the relationship between the groundwater depth and the natural vegetation. The results from many years’ monitoring in field indicate: (1) the groundwater depth has been elevating gradually with the increase in the times of watering and the elevation range has been expanding continuously in the lower reaches of Tarim River. Correspondingly, the natural vegetation has a favorable response to the elevation of the groundwater depth. The change of the natural vegetation has accordance with that of the groundwater depth. Such facts not only show that groundwater is a key factor to the growth of the native vegetation but also prove it is feasible that the degraded ecosystem can be restored and protected by the EWCP; (2) the results of analysis of the spatial-temporal response of the natural vegetation to watering reveals that the beneficial influence of the EWCP on the ecosystem in the lower Tarim River is a long-term process; (3) in terms of the function and structure of ecosystem after watering in the lower reaches of Tarim River, the EWCP does not still reach the goal of ecological restoration at a large spatial scale at present. Based on such monitoring results, some countermeasures and suggestions for the future restoration strategy are proposed so as to provide a theoretical basis for restoring and protecting the ecosystem in Tarim River, and meanwhile it can also provide some scientific references for implementing the similar ecological projects in other areas.     

医疗废物危害和处理

介绍了医疗废物的有关概念及其对人类的危害,论述了医疗废物安全处理的必要性,阐述了医疗废物的收集管理监督方法和处理原则,让人们对医疗废物系统有个较清晰的了解和认识.     

小浪底水库对河道水质净化能力的影响

依据《地表水环境质量标准》(GB3838-2002),采用单因子评价方法,分别对小浪底水库建成前3年和建成后4年的河道水质进行评价,结果表明,小浪底水库建成后,在库首断面水质持续恶化的情况下,小浪底坝下水质状况却明显好转,说明小浪底水库库水对原水污染物有较强的净化能力,从而使下游河段水质得到改善。     

石灰石中微量杂质对其脱硫活性的影响研究

石灰石的活性对湿法烟气脱硫工艺具有重要意义。采用间歇式硫酸消溶的方法,分别研究了石灰石中各微量杂质浓度对石灰石活性的影响,就其影响结果及其影响机理进行了理论分析,并用拟合曲线的方法预测各种杂质成分的影响程度。结果表明,二氧化硅和氧化铁的含量在一定范围内能提高石灰石的活性,超过此范围将使其活性降低,而氧化镁的存在能大幅提高石灰石的活性,氧化铝对石灰石活性影响不大。     

钱塘江干流杭州段水体氮污染特征分析

通过对钱塘江干流杭州段2000—2001年进行水质监测，并结合历年监测资料，分析了钱塘江水体氮污染特征和氨氮、亚硝酸盐氮、硝酸盐氮浓度在不同江段、不同水期、不同年际的时空变化规律。研究表明：(1)钱塘江干流杭州段自上游至下游，氨氮在枯水期的浓度明显高于平、丰水期，几乎所有断面枯水期的氨氮浓度均超过地表水Ⅱ类标准。钱塘江下游河段，氨氮、亚硝酸盐氮、硝酸盐氮在枯水期的浓度明显高于平、丰水期。(2)钱塘江流域工业含氮废水的排放引起局部水体氨氮污染，但流域内生活污水和畜禽粪便的污染是造成整个杭州段氨氮污染的主要原因。(3)钱塘江干流杭州段NO3--N浓度在1991—2001年呈现逐年上升的趋势，钱塘江流域农田化肥过量施用是造成水体NO3--N浓度逐年上升的主要原因。     

关于建立地震灾害指标体系的研究：地震灾情的综合信息系统

建立地震灾害指杯体系,对全面、系统地反映灾情是十分重要的。本文对地震灾害指标和指标体系的定义及指标的类型、建立指标体系的基本原则及其结构、功能等进行了论述。