Losses to the environment from the multilevel cycle of anthropogenic lead

As a component of a multi-level study of the anthropogenic lead cycle for year 2000 (52 countries, 8 regions, and the planet), we have estimated the lead flows in seven emission streams: tailings, slag, fabrication and manufacturing, dissipation from use, hibernation, landfilling, and dispersion following product discard. For every 1 kg of lead put into end use, 0.5 kg is lost to the environment, largely due to landfilling and dissipation from use. From the standpoint of the receiving media, 1/3 of the losses are to uncontained solids on land and 48% of the losses are to containment facilities on land. On a country basis, the largest losses occur in the United States and China, which between them are responsible for about 32% of total global lead losses. On a per capita basis, the highest lead losses occurred in the United Kingdom, Belgium-Luxembourg, and Ireland.     

Role of extractable and residual organic matter fractions on sorption of phenanthrene in sediments

Two sediments were demineralized and sequentially fractionated into extracted fractions [free lipid (FL), bound lipid (BL) and lignin (LG)] and residual fractions [free lipid free (FLF), bound lipid free (BLF) and lignin free (LGF)]. The sorption isotherms of phenanthrene (Phen) were examined to evaluate the importance of various fractions on sorption. A lignin extraction procedure was for the first time applied to separate the lignin or degraded lignin fraction from sediment organic matter (SOM). The extracted LG was similar to model lignin in terms of elemental ratios and sorption behavior. FL and LG fractions were quite important, as their contents were much higher than reported values. Phen sorption for the extracted fractions was almost linear, whereas that for the residual fractions was nonlinear, especially for LGF with n 0.56–0.63. As the different organic fractions were removed sequentially, sorption energy distribution on the residual sediment organic matter (SOM) became more heterogeneous. In addition, increasing sorption capacity for the residual fractions, except for BLF with its high polarity, suggested that more sorption sites on the SOM matrix became accessible to Phen. The sorption capacity for LGF was comparable to that of condensed SOM. The residual fraction LGF generally controlled the overall sorption at low Phen concentration, but the extractable fraction FL surpassed the former fraction at high Phen concentration, demonstrating the importance of condensed SOM in the sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in sediments.     

基于OREMS的城市应急交通疏散研究

以天津奥林匹克中心地区在突发事件下的疏散为例来研究城市中的应急交通疏散。由GIS提供天津奥林匹克中心地区的道路和人口数据,利用美国国家橡树岭实验室为美国联邦公路局开发的应急交通疏散仿真软件OREMS(Oak Ridge Evacuation Modeling System)对该地区的路网进行建模,并对人为交通控制策略下的疏散进行仿真模拟,得出疏散过程中疏散车辆数随时间的变化、瓶颈节点和路段以及完成疏散所需的时间等疏散效能参数,从而为制定应急策略提供相应的参考。     

Correction to: Facile synthesis of the magnetic metal–organic framework Fe3O4/Cu3(BTC)2 for efficient dye removal

Environmental Chemistry Letters - Dyeing wastewaters present high hazards for the environment and human health. Advanced dye removal may be achieved by magnetic metal–organic frameworks...     

312国道沿线土壤、灰尘重金属污染现状及影响因素

通过采集312国道沿线表层土壤及服务区灰尘样品,研究了312国道沿线表层土壤、灰尘重金属污染现状,并探讨了影响因素.研究发现312国道沿线表土中Pb、Zn、Cu污染较严重,Ni、Mn、Cr污染较轻.良田、宝天公路采样点Pb、Zn污染程度最高,为强污染-极强污染,柳园Pb、Zn污染次之为中强度污染,其余采样点均为无污染至中度污染.服务区窗台灰中Pb、Zn、Cu等重金属污染严重,三门峡、平顶山、北龙口、良田等地点Zn元素的Igeo值10.Ni污染较轻,Igeo值均2.312国道沿线表土中Pb、Zn、Cu、Mn重金属污染和窗台灰中Pb、Cr重金属污染均与停车场地面灰中重金属污染相关性较高,推测主要受汽车尾气和轮胎摩擦碎屑污染,其余各元素如Ni等还受到其它污染源影响.重金属污染受汽车活动影响较大。     

某三基发射药老化性能退化规律及失效模式探究

目的 获得某三基发射药老化后性能的退化规律,确定其失效模式,预估贮存及使用寿命.方法 根据某三基发射药实际使用环境及方式,采用温度-湿度双应力加速老化试验,模拟装药条件,获得老化样品.以安定剂含量、抗压强度、燃烧性能和机械感度为监测指标,对老化后样品进行测试,探究其性能变化规律,明确失效模式.通过Berthelot方程...     

化工剩余污泥烧结填料的试验研究

以化工剩余污泥、粘土、重油为原料,经烘干、预热、焙烧等工艺过程,制备了粒径为3～6mm的水处理用填料。采用单因素考察了原料配比、预热时间、预热温度及烧结温度等试验条件对填料性能参数的影响,确立了最佳工艺参数:污泥灰渣、污泥、粘土、重油比例为5∶3∶1∶1、预热时间20 min、预热温度300℃、烧结温度1 050℃。在此条件下,填料的堆积密度为448 kg/m3,吸水率为54.2%,表观密度为517 kg/m3,比表面积为29.247 m2/g,并采用扫描电镜观察了填料表面和内部孔隙特征。     

基于MODFLOW数值模拟法的地下水饮用水源保护区划分

我国城乡居民饮用水安全现状不容乐观,饮用水源污染已经成为较突出的社会问题,其中地下水饮用水源污染更为突出.饮用水源保护区划分是保证水质安全的重要措施,饮用水源保护区划分方法较多,其中数值模拟法能客观并详细地描述含水层结构与水文地质条件,适用于各种背景的地下水水源研究.本文以崇州市城区饮用水源为例,采用MODFLOW软件建立地下水渗流场,应用MODPATH对水源地抽水井进行粒子逆向示踪模拟,根据不同的时间标准确定一、二级保护区范围,并结合区域水文地质条件和地标、地界特点确定各级保护区的界线.     

九寨沟白水河污染特征研究

通过对2012年4月～2013年3月九寨沟白水河不同断面水样分析,研究了《地表水环境质量标准》（GB3838—2002）中表1“地表水环境质量标准基本项目”的含量变化,并对铬、镉、硒、铜、汞、锌、铅、砷、氨氮、高锰酸盐指数进行污染状况评价。结果显示：镉、铜、汞、锌、铅均未检出;对铬、砷、硒、氨氮、高锰酸盐指数等有检出项目进行单项污染指数和内梅罗综合污染指数评价,水样中铬、砷、硒、氨氮、高锰酸盐指数全年监测平均浓度分别为0．294μg／L、0．024μg／L、0．084μg／L、0．187mg／L、0．695mg／L,用国家水质环境标准的一级标准,所有监测点位（PN〈1）未超标。从单因子污染指数来看,高锰酸盐指数在4月、7月、10月P,〉1,属于轻度污染,初步推断人为活动所致。通过本文的研究发现九寨沟水质依然较好,未受到污染。