基于耕作半径分析的县域农村居民点空间布局优化——以安徽省埇桥区为例

分析了安徽省埇桥区农村居民点与耕地的空间邻接特征和数量结构关系,通过“均等”和“耕聚比”的方法分别求算耕作半径并构造缓冲区,得出两种耕作压力系数的分布,对其进行比较并提出了农村居民点布局优化策略。结果表明：耕地是皖北平原地区影响农村居民点布局的主要因子,基于各乡（镇）统计的耕地与农村居民点面积存在较好的线性相关;基于“耕聚比”的计算模型较好地解决了农村居民点规模因素对耕作半径计算造成的影响;基于“耕聚比”的方法计算的耕作压力分布在评价耕地与农村居民点的分布合理性上更为实用;耕作压力系数分布对农村居民点合理布局具有一定的指导意义,布局调整中应将压力系数高的地区的拆旧和压力系数低的地区的建新相挂钩     

地铁盾构施工风险评估与风险规避研究

深圳地铁二号线2202标段包括科苑站—红树湾站—世界之窗站,大部分采用盾构法施工。盾构隧道处于砂质粘性土地层填海地层,下穿4栋高尔夫别墅,存在基岩隆起、孤石和易出现施工扰动等情况。对2202标盾构施工进行安全评估,指出盾构机选型、盾构机进出洞及盾构施工过程中的风险源,如始发方向失控、盾尾卡死、洞口土体坍塌、地面建筑物出现不均匀沉降等,进而强调在施工过程中要正确辨识风险源,并根据地质、水文和周围环境条件研究采取适当的规避风险措施。     

基于安全社会学的高层建筑火灾事故剖析——以上海“11·15”特大火灾事故为例

结合我国基本国情及“11·15”特大火灾事故的具体情况,运用社会学视角,从技术和理性的局限、效益和安全的博弈、人因和制度的瓶颈三个方面透析由高层建筑火灾事故难以解决这一现状暴露出的社会学问题。并提出有利于从深层次上保障人民生命安全和公共财产安全的三点建议：调整引发不安全因素的社会结构;提升有利于确保安全的技术能力;加强政府的社会控制功能。本文针对我国高层建筑火灾事故频发的现状,揭示了“11·15”特大火灾事故带来的警示和反思,就高层建筑火灾防范提出了改进方法,对建筑、消防等部门的管理工作具有一定的参考意义。     

产油脂微藻的分离鉴定及培养条件优化

为促进自养高产油微藻的工业化应用,从青海多种生境中分离到34株产油微藻,以筛选获得产油脂最高的青3-2-2株为出发株,18S rRNA分析表明其与栅列藻属(Scenedesmus sp.)同源性达到99%以上,确定该株属于栅列藻属.研究氮源、培养时间、培养温度、初始pH值等培养条件对微藻生物量及油脂含量的影响,优化培养条件为:硝酸钠为氮源,以10%(V/V)接种量接种于普通SE培养基,培养温度为25℃,初始pH 7.0,培养周期为20 d,可以获得较高的油脂产率,比优化前的产率增加了近70%.     

沼液对甘蓝连作土壤生物学性质的影响

以施用化肥225 kg/hm2为对照,设置两种不同的沼液用量(以纯氮计):沼液I(168 kg/hm2)和沼液II(225 kg/hm2),通过连续3 a的甘蓝种植试验,研究沼液对甘蓝连作土壤微生物区系、土壤酶活性以及土壤养分与土壤酶活性之间的相关性.结果表明:1)施用沼液显著改善了连作土壤的微生物区系,溶磷细菌、解钾细菌、氨化细菌、固氮菌和放线菌的数量显著增加;同时抑制了真菌的富集.两种不同用量的沼液处理较化肥处理的土壤细菌/真菌(B/F)值分别提高了142.7%和202.3%.2)在225 kg/hm2等氮水平下,施用沼液显著提高了土壤的蔗糖酶、磷酸酶和蛋白酶活性,较之化肥处理分别提高了63.96%、137.61%和139.66%;同时显著降低了土壤过氧化氢酶和多酚氧化酶活性.3)土壤养分与土壤酶活性相关性分析表明,有机质含量与土壤脲酶、磷酸酶、蔗糖酶和蛋白酶活性呈显著正相关,与过氧化氢酶活性呈显著负相关,而与多酚氧化酶活性无明显相关性;磷酸酶活性与土壤速效磷含量呈显著正相关;蛋白酶活性与土壤碱解氮、全氮含量呈显著正相关.表4参24     

Assessment of elemental distribution and trace element contamination in surficial wetland sediments, Southern Tibetan Plateau

In order to analyze and evaluate different trace metals on surface water of the Changjiang River, concentrations of dissolved trace metals (Cu, Ni, Fe, Co, Sc, Al, Zn, Pb, Cd, Se, As, Cr, and Hg), major elements(Ca and Mg), and nutrient(NO $_{3}^{-})$ were measured. Samples were taken at 76 positions along Changjiang River in flood and dry seasons during 2007?C2008. Spatial distributions identified two main large zones mainly influenced by mineral erosion (sites 1?C22) and anthropogenic action (sites 23?C76), respectively. Principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis were used to identify the variance distinguishing the origin of water. Four significant components were extracted by PCA, explaining 74.91% of total variable. Cu, Ni, Fe, Co, Sc, Al, Ca, and Mg were mainly associated with the weathering and erosion of various rocks and minerals, while an anthropogenic source was identified for Cd and As. Although erosion was one source of Pb and Zn, they were also input by atmospheric deposition and industrial pollutions. NO $_{3}^{-}$ and Se were mainly associated with agriculture activities. However, Hg and Cr showed different sources. CA confirmed and completed the results obtained by PCA, classifying the data into two large groups representing different areas. Group 1 referred to the upper reaches which represented samples mainly corresponding to natural background areas. Group 2 referred to the middle and lower reaches including samples under anthropogenic influence. Meanwhile, group 2 was subdivided into three new groups, representing agricultural, industrial, and various artificial pollution sources, respectively.     

Larrea tridentata叶片解剖结构与保水特性的研究

为了解L.tridentata叶片在解剖学方面适应干旱的特征以及叶片的保水特性,采用石蜡切片法观察L.tridentata叶片的解剖结构,同时测定叶片保水曲线。结果显示：L.tridentata叶片厚233.6μm,表皮细胞大,具有较厚的表皮细胞外壁与角质层,上表皮外壁与角质层总厚度为23.7μm;栅栏组织发达,在叶片中占55%,细胞细长,排列紧密。从叶片保水曲线上看,L.tridentata叶片从失水到基本恒重的时间为120 h左右,显示其叶片抗脱水能力强。     

Enantioselective ecotoxicity of the herbicide dichlorprop and complexes formed with chitosan in two fresh water green algae

To reduce the leaching potential, to prevent groundwater contamination and to maintain the efficacy of a pesticide, natural polysaccharides have received increasing attention due to their biocompatibility and useful biological reactivity for controlled release formulations (CRFs) of pesticides. In this paper, the toxicities of the chiral herbicide dichlorprop (DCPP) and its complexes with chitosan molecules (DCPP-CS) and chitosan nanoparticles (DCPP-NP) to two different green algae were determined and compared. The inhibition rates of DCPP, DCPP-CS and DCPP-NP were determined at 24, 48, 72, 96, 120, 144, 168 h, and the results show that (S)-DCPP was more toxic to Chlorella vulgaris than (R)-DCPP, while the (R)-DCPP was more toxic to Scenedesmus obliquus than (S)-DCPP. The study also found that the chiral selectivity of DCPP to Chlorella vulgaris and Scenedesmus obliquus could be changed when DCPP was complexed with chitosan molecules (CS) or chitosan nanoparticles (NP). For Chlorella vulgaris, the order of inhibition was (R)-DCPP-CS > (S)-DCPP-CS and (R)-DCPP-NP > (S)-DCPP-NP; for Scenedesmus obliquus, the order was (S)-DCPP-CS > (R)-DCPP-CS and (S)-DCPP-NP > (R)-DCPP-NP. This phenomenon suggests that the enantioselective behaviors of chiral compounds might shift when interactions with other chiral receptors coexist in different biological environments. Additionally, chitosan molecules and chitosan nanoparticles also showed different toxicities, which could be ascribed to the difference in the physicochemical properties between CS and NP or the differences in the cell walls of the two fresh water green algae.     

探索基于中国国情的资源型城市高质量发展路径——写在专辑刊发之后的话

<正>资源型城市和地区是依托本地矿产、森林等自然资源开采加工和资源型产品生产输出为主要职能的城市和特殊类型区域。作为中国资源能源供应的主体和基础工业的主要集聚区,其在保障国家能源安全和社会主义现代化建设方面都贡献了重要力量。但因资源依赖性,资源型城市（地区）往往陷入“因资源而兴、受资源所困”的“资源诅咒”。放眼中外,资源型城市的转型发展一直是世界性难题,西方国家的经验表明,资源型城市转型是一个漫长的过程,无法一蹴而就。党的“二十大”报告提出,“高质量发展是全面建设社会主义现代化国家的首要任务”,要“加快构建新发展格局,着力推动高质量发展”。     

上海城区二次气溶胶的形成:光化学氧化与液相反应对二次气溶胶形成的影响

二次组分是大气细颗粒物中最重要的组成部分之一.本研究旨在探究上海城区大气气溶胶颗粒物中二次组分的贡献及其形成的主要影响因素.利用高分辨率飞行时间气溶胶质谱仪(HR-TOF-AMS)对上海城区春季及夏季的亚微米颗粒物(PM_1)进行实时的在线表征,发现有机物是PM_1中最主要的组成部分,占比为55%;其次是硫酸盐(24%)与硝酸盐(10%).进一步结合正交矩阵因子解析模型(PMF)对有机组分进行了来源解析.结果表明,一次有机气溶胶(POA)与二次有机气溶胶(SOA)分别占总有机物浓度的34%与66%; POA主要来自机动车源与餐饮源的贡献,且在春季和夏季对有机物的贡献趋于稳定.观测期间共观察到3个二次气溶胶显著生成的过程:其中,春季二次组分的显著增长过程以硫酸盐和老化的有机气溶胶在正午时段上升显著为主要特征,主要受光化学氧化过程的促进;夏季二次组分的显著生成过程主要是液相反应与光化学氧化共同促进的结果,如液相反应过程中,硝酸盐浓度与颗粒相水含量有较好的相关性(R~2=0. 72),而光化学氧化期间SOA浓度与大气氧化性(O_x)有较好的相关性.总体而言,二次组分是上海城市大气气溶胶颗粒物中最重要的组成部分,二次有机与无机组分在PM_1颗粒物中占比分别为35. 5%和43%,光化学氧化与液相反应对二次组分的形成有显著的促进作用.