生态环保政策对经济发展的作用机理分析

理论上,生态环保政策对经济发展的影响是"促进作用"还是"抑制作用",取决于政策类型和力度、产业和企业行业特征、经济发展水平等条件性因素,从长期综合来看,严格的生态环保政策有利于促进和优化经济发展。本文通过对国内外研究进行梳理总结,从生态环保政策对经济发展的影响途径、传导机制、作用条件依赖等方面进行深层次分析解构,研究建立"生态环保政策—企业—产业—经济影响"为主线的逻辑关系链,分析识别生态环保政策影响经济发展的机理和关键因素,以期解释地方经济发展的现实困惑和关键所在,寻找生态环保政策发力点,优化政策制定与实施方式,探索生态优先、绿色发展为导向的高质量发展新路子。研究表明:生态环保政策主要影响企业的生产经营成本和技术创新,对企业影响的方向和程度主要取决于对政策影响的长短期预期、政策成本与技术创新收益对比、企业规模大小和企业性质等条件因素;生态环保政策与产业的升级、转型、转移、淘汰等密切相关,在产业发展不同阶段,环境规制强度对产业结构调整具有短期和长期不同的影响;生态环保政策标准要求或实际执行力度差异与自然地理区位、经济发展水平、市场化程度、地区开放程度等因素导致的区域环境规制强度差异,是引导污染密集型产业转移和产业空间布局变化的重要因素;生态环保政策通过产业结构调整和空间布局的变化对投资、企业生产、劳动者消费等产生影响从而显著影响就业人数和就业结构,改变技能劳动、非技能劳动的要素配置特征,并对地区和产业带来差异化影响;生态环保政策带来的产业结构调整和转移等变化,对贸易量和贸易结构都会产生重要影响。     

制备方法对铁钛复合氧化物磷吸附性能的影响:共沉淀法与机械物理混合法

为了研究制备方法对金属复合氧化物表面性质与吸附性能的影响,本文分别采用共沉淀法与机械物理混合法制备了铁钛复合氧化物CFe-Ti与MFe-Ti.采用SEM、BET、XRD与FTIR等表征技术,研究了两种铁钛复合氧化物CFe-Ti与MFe-Ti的形貌结构、比表面积、表面羟基浓度等表面特性;通过批式吸附实验,考察了其磷吸附性能.结果表明,与纯的氧化物Fe OOH及TiO_2相比,共沉淀法制备的CFe-Ti纳米颗粒更疏松,孔结构更发达,表面羟基浓度更高,CFe-Ti的最大磷吸附容量达40.6mg·g~(-1),高于纯Fe OOH(27.2 mg·g~(-1))与TiO_2(16.7 mg·g~(-1)),分别为其1.5倍和2.4倍,展示了显著的协同效应.而MFe-Ti的形貌结构和表面性质与Fe OOH及TiO_2相比变化不大,其磷最大吸附容量为22.7 mg·g~(-1),不仅明显低于CFe-Ti,且低于纯Fe OOH,表明未产生协同效应.研究也表明,磷在CFe-Ti与MFe-Ti表面的吸附性质未发生变化,均通过形成内层表面络合物而发生了化学吸附.因此,金属复合氧化物的表面性质和吸附性能与其制备方法密切相关,与机械物理混合法相比,共沉淀法是一种更为简单经济制备高效能铁钛复合氧化物磷吸附剂的方法.     

林可霉素菌渣堆肥微生物群落多样性分析

本试验以林可霉素菌渣-猪粪为原料、污泥-猪粪堆肥作对照,研究了林可霉素菌渣堆肥过程中残留林可霉素的降解情况,并基于Illumina Mi Seq高通量测序分析了林可霉素菌渣堆肥过程中微生物菌群的变化.结果表明:通过堆肥处理可以大幅度降解林可霉素菌渣中残留的林可霉素,经过33 d的堆肥处理后,林可霉素的残留量从最初的1 800 mg·kg-1降到483mg·kg-1,降解率高达73%.同时高通量测序结果表明,由于高含量的林可霉素残留,在堆肥初期和高温期林可霉素菌渣堆肥中细菌群落的分布丰度和多样性指数均低于污泥-猪粪堆肥,但真菌群落丰度和多样性均高于污泥-猪粪堆肥.林可霉素菌渣堆肥中细菌主要以Paucisalibacillus、Cerasibacillus、Bacillus、Virgibacillus、Ureibacillus、Paenibacillus、Sinibacillus属为主,而污泥-猪粪堆肥中主要以Truepera、Actinomadura、Pseudosphingobacterium、Pseudomonas、Luteimonas、Ureibacillus属为主,两者堆肥中微生物群落结构存在显著差异.随着堆肥进入腐熟期,林可霉素残留大幅度降解,抗生素对微生物的胁迫减小或解除,林可霉素菌渣-猪粪堆肥和污泥-猪粪堆肥相比,无论是细菌还是真菌,其微生物群落已逐渐趋同.表明堆肥处理可以大幅降解林可霉素残留,增加微生物多样性,有利于实现林可霉素菌渣无害化处理和资源化利用.     

Performance and fouling mechanism of direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD) treating fermentation wastewater with high organic concentrations

In this study,direct contact membrane distillation(DCMD)was used for treating fermentation wastewater with high organic concentrations.DCMD performance characteristics including permeate flux,permeate water quality as well as membrane fouling were investigated systematically.Experimental results showed that,after 12 hr DCMD,the feed wastewater was concentrated by about a factor of 3.7 on a volumetric basis,with the permeate flux decreasing from the initial 8.7 L/m~2/hr to the final 4.3 L/m~2/hr due to membrane fouling;the protein concentration in the feed wastewater was increased by about 3.5 times and achieved a value of 6178 mg/L,which is suitable for reutilization.Although COD and TOC in permeate water increased continuously due to the transfer of volatile components from wastewater,organic rejection of over 95%was achieved in wastewater.GC–MS results suggested that the fermentation wastewater contained 128kinds of organics,in which 14 organics dominated.After 12 hr DCMD,not only volatile organics including trimethyl pyrazine,2-acetyl pyrrole,phenethyl alcohol and phenylacetic acid,but also non-volatile dibutyl phthalate was detected in permeate water due to membrane wetting.FT-IR and SEM–EDS results indicated that the deposits formed on the membrane inner surface mainly consisted of Ca,Mg,and amine,carboxylic acid and aromatic groups.The fouled membrane could be recovered,as most of the deposits could be removed using a HCl/Na OH chemical cleaning method.     

外部性视角下的节水灌溉技术补偿标准核算——基于选择实验法

合理的补偿标准是节水灌溉技术补偿政策的核心,也是促进农户技术采用的关键内容。论文以石羊河下游民勤县为例,通过选择实验调研和RPL（Random Parameters Logit）模型估计,量化了节水灌溉技术采用的外部效益,并结合特定技术与农户谈判能力讨论了兼顾公平与效率的补偿标准。结果表明：民勤县城乡居民均希望实施节水灌溉技术来改善生态环境,技术采用的外部效益约为1 052.25元/hm²;以膜下滴灌技术为例,合理的补偿标准应在789.15元/hm²左右。从现行政策看,过低的补贴标准难以保障农户切身利益,导致政策响应不足。据此建议,完善成本收益核算体系,将技术采用的外部效益纳入补偿标准的核算中,提升补偿政策的公平性,同时也要根据技术类型及其采用面积进行精准化补偿,保障资金有效利用。     

退耕还林工程与农业生态经济社会系统协同性研究——以安塞县为例

针对黄土丘陵区退耕还林工程与农业生态经济社会协同性研究滞后的现实,在构建退耕还林工程与农业生态经济社会协同性表征体系的基础上,通过建立耦合度模型分析了二者的协同性及相关问题,将退耕还林工程与农业生态经济社会系统协同关系划分为4个阶段：（Ⅰ）协作推进与发展阶段,（Ⅱ）相悖阶段,（Ⅲ）无序失衡阶段,（Ⅳ）抑制发展阶段。其中阶段Ⅲ只是理论结果,在实际政策约束和农户行为的影响下一般不会出现;而阶段Ⅱ和阶段Ⅳ可能会短期出现。以安塞县为例,系统分析了不同阶段协同性演变过程：1995—2014年,安塞县先后经历了相悖阶段和协作推进与发展阶段,目前处于协作推进与发展阶段的下降时期。基于此,需要进一步优化产业结构提高区域内资源的有效利用率,通过林种结构的合理布局,提高退耕林分质量,推进退耕还林工程与农业生态经济社会系统的协同发展。     

Alkali resistance promotion of Ce-doped vanadium-titanic-based NH3-SCR catalysts

The effect of K deactivation on V_2O_5/WO_3-TiO_2 and Ce-doped V_2O_5/WO_3-TiO_2 catalysts in the selective catalytic reduction(SCR) of NOxby NH_3 was studied.Ce-doped V_2O_5/WO_3-TiO_2 showed significantly higher resistance to K deactivation than V_2O_5/WO_3-TiO_2.Ce-doped V_2O_5/WO_3-TiO_2 with K/V = 4(molar ratio) showed 90% NOxconversion at 350°C,whereas in this case V_2O_5/WO_3-TiO_2 showed no activity.The fresh and K-poisoned V_2O_5/WO_3-TiO_2 and Ce-doped V_2O_5/WO_3-TiO_2 catalysts were investigated by means of in situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy(DRIFTS),NH_3-temperature progress decomposition(NH_3-TPD),X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS) and H2-temperature program reduction(H_2-TPR).The effect of Ce doping on the improving resistance to K of V_2O_5/WO_3-TiO_2 were discussed.     

A comprehensive classification method for VOC emission sources to tackle air pollution based on VOC species reactivity and emission amounts

In China, volatile organic compound(VOC) control directives have been continuously released and implemented for important sources and regions to tackle air pollution. The corresponding control requirements were based on VOC emission amounts(EA), but never considered the significant differentiation of VOC species in terms of atmospheric chemical reactivity. This will adversely influence the effect of VOC reduction on air quality improvement. Therefore,this study attempted to develop a comprehensive classification method for typical VOC sources in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region(BTH), by combining the VOC emission amounts with the chemical reactivities of VOC species. Firstly, we obtained the VOC chemical profiles by measuring 5 key sources in the BTH region and referencing another 10 key sources, and estimated the ozone formation potential(OFP) per ton VOC emission for these sources by using the maximum incremental reactivity(MIR) index as the characteristic of source reactivity(SR). Then, we applied the data normalization method to respectively convert EA and SR to normalized EA(NEA) and normalized SR(NSR) for various sources in the BTH region.Finally, the control index(CI) was calculated, and these sources were further classified into four grades based on the normalized CI(NCI). The study results showed that in the BTH region,furniture coating, automobile coating, and road vehicles are characterized by high NCI and need to be given more attention; however, the petro-chemical industry, which was designated as an important control source by air quality managers, has a lower NCI.     

三峡库区EFDC模型集成与应用

为满足三峡库区大尺度的水质预测需求,降低专业水质模型使用门槛,实现模型业务化运行,采用涵盖"模型封装-接口服务-系统集成"全过程的模型封装集成技术方法,开展了EFDC模型集成研究,并在三峡库区水质安全评估与预警系统中进行验证和应用.结果表明:①基于实例化模型建立的模型预置参数库,是模型业务化运行中参数简化的前提,可有效解决模型本地驯化及模型实例的基础数据复用问题;②依据参数识别结果,将模型参数识别为"必调参数、可调参数、默认参数"三类,并采用B/S架构对输入文件、输出文件和主控文件中的不同参数进行分类封装,达到参数简化目的;③采用半紧密型方式建立的基于Web services的EFDC模型集成接口服务及标准,可为信息系统提供通用的EFDC模型计算服务;④该方法在EFDC模型与三峡库区水质安全评估与预警系统集成中得到验证,实现了全库区干流及主要支流COD_Cr、总磷、总氮等污染因子的长时间序列水动力水质预测联机在线运算,满足了用户在水质影响预测预警中低修改量、高运算效率和良好用户体验等需求,实现了模型的业务化运行.