Variation of cyanobacteria with different environmental conditions in Nansi Lake, China

Nansi Lake is located on the east line of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project in China. A comprehensive study was carried out to investigate the spatial and temporal distribution of cyanobacteria in the lake from June 2008 to May 2011 based on monthly sample monitoring from five stations. The effect of environmental factors on cyanobacterial abundance was also evaluated. The cyanobacterial community contained 15 genera and 23 species. The cyanobacterial abundance of each monitoring station ranged from 0 to 1.53× 10⁷ cells/L with an average of 1.45×10⁶ cells/L, which accounted for 11.66% of the total phytoplankton abundance. The dominant species of cyanobacteria were Pseudanabaena (32.94%) and Merismopedia (19.85%), not the bloom-forming algae such as Microcystis and Anabaena. In addition, the cyanobacterial community structure and water quality variables changed substantially over the survey period. Redundancy analysis (RDA) suggested that temperature and phosphorus were important environmental factors that affected cyanobacteria. Temperature was the most important factor affecting cyanobacterial abundance. The effect of phosphorus on cyanobacterial abundance was more notable in warm periods than in periods with low temperature.     

基于PM2.5的中国雾霾灾害风险评价

基于雾霾胁迫、人口暴露和适应能力,结合遥感数据与统计数据,对2014年中国286个地级及以上城市的雾霾灾害风险进行评价,在此基础上,识别雾霾灾害风险热点区的风险主导因子.结果表明:中国城市雾霾灾害风险整体水平不高且内部差异显著,雾霾灾害风险大体呈"东高西低、北高南低"的空间布局特征.雾霾灾害风险热点区范围涵盖96个城市,占据国土面积92.4万km~2,波及人群数量5.9亿.风险主导因子分区方面,适应能力主导区分布在汕头、揭阳、邵阳、娄底、玉林、汕尾、达州、巴中、天水、昭通、潮州和贵港等12个城市;雾霾胁迫主导区分布在郑州、上海、成都、泰州、济南、西安、武汉、鄂州、南京、扬州、天津、无锡、嘉兴、南昌、常州、芜湖、淄博、合肥、镇江、黄石、马鞍山、南通和日照等23个城市,其余61个城市则属于雾霾胁迫-适应能力综合主导区.     

“引江济太”过程中长江-望虞河-贡湖氮、磷输入特征研究

为了解"引江济太"调水过程中长江、望虞河对贡湖营养盐输入特征,于2013年8月和2013年12月引水期间对20个采样点各形态N、P质量浓度的沿程和时间变化以及百分含量占比进行研究.结果表明,两个不同的引水期,长江-望虞河-贡湖段水体各形态N、P沿程和时间变化均表现不一:长江引水经望虞河入贡湖后,水体NO-2-N、NO-3-N、NH+4-N和TN质量浓度均较长江和望虞河段有不同程度的降低,而贡湖段DON质量浓度显著高于长江和望虞河段,但长江-望虞河段水体各形态N中NO-3-N质量浓度最高.长江和望虞河TP质量浓度总体表现平稳,而各形态P质量浓度在两个引水时期内有所变化.从时间变化来看,2013年8月水体的DON和TP质量浓度总体上高于12月;而NO-3-N和DOP质量浓度总体上低于12月.总体来说,两个引水时期内,NO-3-N和TPP是望虞河经长江引水的主要N、P形态;而贡湖经望虞河水体输入的N、P主要形态分别为NO-3-N、PO3-4-P和TPP.     

Distribution characteristics of poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances in the Yangtze River Delta

In this work, a method was developed and optimized for the analysis of polyfluoroalkyl and/or perfluoroalkyl substances(PFASs) content in surface water and sediment samples with high instrumental response and good separation. Surface water and sediment samples were collected from the Yangtze River Delta(YRD) to analyze the distribution characteristics of perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids(PFCAs), perfluoroalkane sulfonic acids(PFSAs), perfluoroalkyl phosphonic acids(PFPAs), perfluoroalkyl phosphinic acids(PFPiAs), and polyfluoroalkyl phosphoric acid diesters(di PAPs). The results showed that the total concentrations of PFCAs and PFSAs in YRD varied from 31 to 902 ng/L. PFCAs(≥ 11 carbons) and PFSAs(≥ 10 carbons atoms) were not detected in any surface water samples. The mean concentrations of all PFCAs and PFSAs in surface water from the sampling areas decreased in the following order:Yangtze river(191 ng/L) ≈ Taihu lake(189 ng/L) Huangpu river(122 ng/L) ≈ Qiantang river(120 ng/L) Jiaxing urban river(100 ng/L). Strong significant(p 0.05) correlations between the concentrations of many of the compounds were found in the sampling areas, suggesting a common source for these compounds. Only perfluorooctanoic acid(PFOA) was observed in all sediment samples, at concentrations varying from 0.02 to 1.35 ng/g. Finally, detection rates of two di PAPs were only 8% and 10%, respectively and the concentration of di PAPs was two to three times lower compared to PFCAs and PFSAs.     

矿区生活污水中污染物存在形态与分布规律研究

通过连续检测和分析矿区生活污水水质,结果表明,污水中除有机物中悬浮性COD-cr浓度大于溶解性CODcr外,总氮、总磷均为溶解性污染物大于悬浮性污染物,污水中SS均为悬浮性污染物。矿区生活污水处理工艺中如对污水中悬浮性污染物采用一级处理或强化一级处理,可实现污染物有效去除。     

太湖北部不同湖区春、夏季溶解性酸性多糖分布

为研究太湖dAPS(dissolved acidic polysaccharides,溶解性酸性多糖)的时空变化,探讨湖泊水体中dAPS对有机碳的贡献和重要性,于2012年春、夏季调查了太湖北部不同湖区(竺山湾、梅梁湾、贡湖湾、湖心区)水体中ρ(dAPS),分析了其时空变化特征及其与ρ(Chla)之间的关系,并探讨了不同湖湾中dAPS对DOC(溶解性有机碳)的贡献率. 结果表明,太湖北部水体中ρ(dAPS)春、夏季变化范围为3.02~9.93mg/L,平均值为(6.10±1.59) mg/L. 夏季太湖北部各湖区之间ρ(dAPS)没有显著性差异,春季梅梁湾中ρ(dAPS)显著高于湖心区(P<0.05),其他湖区并没有显著性差异. 春、夏两季ρ(dAPS)的最低值均出现在湖心区. 除贡湖湾外,夏季太湖北部各湖区ρ(dAPS)与ρ(Chla)都存在显著线性正相关,而春季各湖区则无显著线性关系. 这说明春、夏季dAPS的受控因素不一样,夏季ρ(dAPS)受藻类影响较大. 夏季各湖区dAPS对DOC的贡献率以贡湖湾最高,平均值高达46.7%±7.7%,春季则以梅梁湾的贡献率较高,平均值为68.6%±5.9%,这意味着dAPS在太湖水体有机碳循环中起着重要的作用.      

The effects of autophagy on vascular endothelial cells induced by airborne PM2.5

The purpose of this study was to examine the direct toxicity of PM2.5 collected from Beijing on human umbilical vein endothelial cells(HUVEC). A Cell Counting Kit 8(CCK8) assay demonstrated that PM2.5 exposure decreased the proliferation of HUVECs in a dosedependent manner. We also found that PM2.5 exposure induced autophagy in HUVECs, as evidenced by:(1) an increased number of double-membrane vesicles;(2) enhanced conversion and punctuation of the microtubule-associated protein light chain 3(LC3); and(3) decreased levels of the selective autophagy substrate p62 in a time-dependent manner.Furthermore, promoting autophagy in PM2.5-exposed HUVECs with rapamycin increased the cell survival rate, whereas inhibiting autophagy via 3-methyladenine significantly decreased cell survival. These results demonstrate that PM2.5 exposure can induce cytotoxicity and autophagy in HUVECs and that autophagy play a protective role against PM2.5-induced cytotoxicity. The findings of the present study imply a direct toxic effect of PM2.5 on HUVECs and provide novel insight into the mechanism of cardiovascular diseases caused by PM2.5 exposure.     

酸和热处理对海泡石结构及吸附Pb2+、 Cd2+性能的影响

通过X射线衍射、傅里叶变换红外光谱及比表面积分析等研究了酸和热处理对天然海泡石结构的影响,并考察不同处理后的海泡石样品吸附重金属Pb2+、Cd2+性能.结果表明,海泡石比表面积均随盐酸浓度、处理时间的增加而略有增大,而结构无明显变化,0.5 mol·L-1 HCl处理时,天然海泡石中的CaCO3未能被完全去除,6.0 mol·L-1 HCl处理72 h时,海泡石比表面积达到最大301.47 m2·g-1.盐酸热处理并不能提高海泡石的比表面积,也不会使海泡石结构产生明显变化.不同类型酸处理对海泡石比表面积提高顺序依次为:HCl>HNO3>H2SO4;海泡石经焙烧后比表面积迅速下降,由100℃的21.44 m2·g-1下降到900℃的0.17 m2·g-1.重金属吸附实验表明,盐酸处理浓度和时间对海泡石吸附Pb2+、Cd2+离子性能无明显影响;不同酸处理对海泡石吸附Pb2+、Cd2+离子性能存在一定影响,H2SO4处理后海泡石对Pb2+、Cd2+离子吸附量明显高于HCl和HNO3处理.海泡石焙烧处理后对Pb2+离子吸附量无明显影响,但对Cd2+离子吸附量在焙烧700℃以上时增加明显.     

双氰胺对冬闲稻田和油菜地N2O排放的影响

冬季的温室气体排放往往被忽视,而最新的研究结果表明,冬闲稻田和冬季油菜地N_2O排放仍较大,研究相应的减排措施及减排机制对于减少农田土壤N_2O排放有重要意义.在中国科学院桃源农业生态试验站选择冬闲稻田和油菜地两种不同土地利用方式,并设置添加和不添加双氰胺(DCD)处理,采用静态箱采集和气相色谱法结合监测N_2O排放动态,利用分子生物学手段分析氨氧化古菌(AOA)和氨氧化细菌(AOB)的群落结构和丰度变化.结果表明,添加DCD后明显抑制了冬闲稻田和油菜地N_2O排放,分别减少了36.7%和23.6%.DCD施入抑制了冬闲稻田AOA和AOB的丰度但只改变AOA的群落结构,DCD使AOA和AOB丰度分别减少了59.3%和73.7%.与此相反,添加DCD只改变油菜地AOB的群落结构同时只抑制了AOB的丰度.本研究表明,施加DCD能有效减少冬闲稻田和冬季油菜地N_2O排放,但减排机制不一致.