基于BP神经网络的北京城区公园土壤PAHs含量预测

城市公园是城市生态环境的重要组成部分,其环境质量与人类健康息息相关.选择北京市121个城区公园,采集公园土壤样品并分析其中7种多环芳烃（PAHs）含量,评价城区公园土壤中PAHs的含量水平,并基于BP神经网络预测了2020年和2023年土壤PAHs含量.结果表明:北京城区公园土壤中w（PAHs）（7种PAHs总含量）范围为0.033~4.182 mg/kg,低于GB 36600—2018《土壤环境质量建设用地土壤污染风险管控标准（试行）》土壤污染风险筛选值,且7种PAHs的毒性当量浓度（TEQ）均低于世界卫生组织标准值（1 mg/kg）,对人体健康的毒性风险较小.将14个影响指标（8个社会经济因子与6个公园特征因子）作为输入层、土壤w（PAHs）作为输出层,建立BP神经网络的拟合优度达0.845.预测结果显示,2020年和2023年北京城区公园土壤中w（PAHs）范围分别为0.008~0.969 mg/kg和0.022~1.988 mg/kg,整体均低于GB 36600—2018土壤污染风险筛选值,但随时间推移呈上升趋势,尤其朝阳区和海淀区将有大幅增长.研究显示:城市化发展因素对土壤w（PAHs）的增加有明显影响,城市发展进程影响不容忽视;至2023年,北京城区公园土壤若不加管理,其w（PAHs）将持续增长.      

贵州高原红枫湖水库季节性分层的水环境质量响应

为了揭示贵州高原深水水库水体的垂直分层结构及其水环境质量响应特征,于2008年8月~2009年10月对红枫湖水库5个采样点进行了45次采样,对水文、营养盐等湖沼学变量季节动态和分布进行了分析,探讨了季节性水质恶化事件的发生机制.结果表明,红枫湖水库水体呈单循环混合模式,在4~9月形成分层,但没有典型分层湖泊的温跃层变化,这种不显著的分层导致了水化学的分层.叶绿素a、总磷、总氮和氨氮平均值分别为13.6mg/m3,0.063mg/L,1.22mg/L,0.347mg/L;透明度为1.9m.指示该水库处于中-富营养状态.分层期底层溶解氧在0.3~6.9mg/L之间、平均为2.6mg/L,氮磷质量比在8~104之间,表明红枫湖水库是一个底层滞留带季节性缺氧的高氮、磷限制型水库.贵州高原深水水库季节性水质恶化事件与水体分层结构失稳有关,是富营养化水库在气温骤降时发生“翻湖”所导致的结果,也是贵州高原深水水库富营养化的另一种表现形式.     

菌株qy37的异养硝化/好氧反硝化机制比较及氨氮加速降解特性研究

筛选出1株耐盐异养硝化-好氧反硝化菌qy37,通过形态观察、生理生化试验和16S rDNA序列分析,确定其为假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas).研究了异养硝化-好氧反硝化菌qy37的脱氮特性.在以NH4Cl为氮源的异养硝化系统内,该菌32 h内使NH 4+-N由138.52 mg/L降至7.88 mg/L,COD由2 408.39 mg/L降至1 177.49 mg/L,NH2 OH最大积累量为9.42 mg/L,NO 2--N最大积累量仅为0.02 mg/L,推测该菌将NH2OH直接转化为N2O和N2从系统中脱除.在以NaNO2为氮源的好氧反硝化系统内,该菌24 h内使NO 2--N由109.25 mg/L降至2.59 mg/L,NH2OH最大积累量为3.28 mg/L.好氧反硝化系统与异养硝化系统相比菌体生长量高,TN去除率低,COD消耗量低,NH2OH积累量低,并且检测到NO 3--N的积累.认为好氧反硝化在菌体生长和能量利用方面比异养硝化更有效率.在异养硝化-好氧反硝化混合系统内,16 h NH 4+-N去除速率比异养硝化系统提高了37.31%.混合系统的NH2 OH积累量低于异养硝化系统和好氧反硝化系统,但N2 O产出量高于二者.     

Historical trends of heavy metal contamination and their sources in lacustrine sediment from Xijiu Lake, Taihu Lake Catchment, China

Concentrations of Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Zn and Hg in Xijiu Lake sediment from the Taihu Lake catchment, China, were analyzed. Their contamination state was investigated based on the geoaccumulation index and enrichment factors. Statistical analysis was used to differentiate the anthropogenic versus natural sources of heavy metals (HMs), and the anthropogenic accumulation fluxes were calculated to quantify anthropogenic contribution to HMs. The results indicated that the lake sediment had been heavily contaminated by Cd, enrichment of Zn and Hg was at a relatively high level, while that of Cu and Pb was in the lower-to-moderate level and Cr was in the low enrichment level. Sources of Cr in the sediment were mainly from natural inputs, while other metals, especially Cd, were predominantly derived from anthropogenic sources. In the past century, anthropogenic accumulation fluxes of Pb, Zn and Hg increased by 0.1-47.3 mg/(cm².yr), 2.4-398.1 mg/(cm².yr), and 3.7-110.3 ng/(m².yr), respectively, accounting for most inputs of HMs entering the sediment. The contamination state of HMs varied with industrial development of the catchment, which demonstrated that contamination started in the early 20th century, reached the maximal level between the mid-1970s and mid-1990s, and decreased a little after the implementation of constraints on high contamination industries, although the contamination of some HMs, such as Cd, Zn and Hg, is still at high levels.     

天津主要纳污及入海河流中有机氯农药的污染现状及特征

对天津地区永定新河、北排污河和大沽排污河表层水、悬浮物、间隙水样品中的六六六、滴滴涕、七氯等13种有机氯农药进行了分析检测.结果表明,河流中有机氯农药的高污染区主要为天津几大化工厂附近河段,而纪庄子污水处理厂的出水对大沽排污河中的七氯等有机氯农药的含量有所贡献.样品t检验分析表明,秋季和冬季河流中有机氯农药的来源不存在重大差异.不同介质中有机氯农药的组成特征不同,表层水中主要以溶解性较大的六六六为主,而悬浮物中则以滴滴涕、七氯、环氧七氯和异狄氏剂为主.3条河流中的4种不同HCHs异构体以β-HCH的比例最大,说明河流中的HCHs的存在主要是来自于历史遗留;而DDT/DDE和DDT/∑DDTs的比值高于0.5说明近期存在新的DDT使用.     

Removal effect on Mesocyclops leukarti and mutagenicity with chlorine dioxide

Introduction The eutrophication of surface water is a worldwide problem, which is increasing in significance (Ma and Liu, 2002). Mesocyclops leukarti, a kind of Cyclops, is a waterborne animal that excessively propagates in eutrophic reservoirs and fresh …     

Improved source assessment of Si, Al and related mineral components to PM10 based on a daily sampling procedure

Samples obtained from an industrialized valley in the East Alpine region were collected daily for a half year and analyzed using X-ray fluorescence to examine the elements Si,Al,Fe,Ca,Mg,Na,K,Zn,P,S and Cl.Some factors affecting the changes of these elements were considered,including time,elemental correlations,weekday,weekend and seasonal changes.Diagnostic analysis provided an insight into a decoupling behavior that occursin siliceous and carbonates minerals.A decrease in Si and Al and an increase in carbonates,Na,K,Zn and P were observed during the cold season.However,a consistently high correlation of Si and Al was observed in all seasons.It was established that such high levels originated from street surface abrasion.The increase in variability and absolute levels of carbonates during the cold season was demonstrated by adding carbonates to the street surface as gritting material to increase the grip on snowy surfaces.A marked increase in Na and Cl was observed in winter which may have been caused by thaw salt that is widely used in winter in Austria.This was associated with a significant increase in K,Zn,and P in the cold season that was the result of domestic space heating with wood.PM10 levels in December were 12 μg/m3 and were higher than levels detected in July.It was established that such high levels originated from mineral oxides,wood smoke,and inorganic ionic material(s).     

离子液体1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑氯盐对斜生栅藻的毒性效应

按照毒性试验标准方法研究了不同浓度离子液体1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑氯盐([BMIM]Cl)对斜生栅藻的影响,测定了半数抑制浓度(IC50)、叶绿素含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性以及藻细胞通透性的变化,观察了80mg/L[BMIM]Cl处理96h对藻细胞的影响.结果表明:[BMIM]Cl对斜生栅藻生长具有抑制作用,随着浓度的增大抑制率增加,叶绿素含量下降, 48h IC50、72h IC50和96h IC50分别为103.77、76.44和68.49mg/L.藻细胞对[BMIM]Cl有一定的氧化应激反应,CAT和SOD活性随[BMIM]Cl浓度升高而降低.[BMIM]Cl对藻细胞的细胞膜有一定程度的破坏作用,藻细胞通透性随浓度升高而增大,同时藻细胞的超微结构受到了[BMIM]Cl的影响,造成质壁分离,叶绿体片层断裂,线粒体嵴数量减少.     

2005年中国燃煤大气砷排放清单

燃煤排放的砷是引起大气环境污染和经济损失的重要痕量元素之一.对燃煤大气砷排放进行估算可以为砷排放法规政策的制定和选择适宜的燃煤砷污染控制技术提供依据.采用基于燃料消耗的排放因子法,按照经济部门、燃烧方式和除尘设施将燃煤排放源进行分类,根据各省区不同排放类型的煤炭消耗量和燃煤平均砷含量,建立了2005年中国燃煤大气砷排放清单. 2005年中国燃煤生产和消耗量分别为2 119.8和2 099.8 Mt.燃煤导致的大气砷排放总量估算约为1 564.4 t,其中排放量最大的省区是山东（144.4 t）,其次是湖南（141.1 t）、河北（108.5 t）、河南（77.7 t）、江苏（77.0 t）等,燃煤大气砷排放主要集中在中东部省区;绝大部分燃煤大气砷排放来自工业（818.8 t）和电力部门（303.4 t）,分别占燃煤大气砷排放总量的52.3%和19.4%;2005年中国燃煤排放的砷大约有375.5 t是以气态形式排放到大气中,占排放总量的24%.总体上,在全国范围内燃煤大气砷污染排放控制的重点是电力和工业部门;而对于新疆、甘肃、青海、贵州等地区,还应关注生活消费燃煤引起的砷中毒事件.     

某典型石油化工园区冬季大气中VOCs污染特征

利用TH-300B挥发性有机物(volatile organic compounds,VOCs)在线监测系统于2014年12月~2015年2月对我国某石油化工园区的VOCs进行连续在线监测.分析了其组成特征、时间变化特征、来源以及光化学活性特征.结果表明,研究区冬季大气中VOCs的混合体积分数较高,烷烃占据主导地位,占TVOCs的86.73%;TVOCs、烷烃、烯烃、芳香烃的昼夜变化特征均表现为夜间高而白天低,且烷烃、烯烃的变化与TVOCs较为一致.利用主成分分析-多元线性回归(PCA-MLR)模型解析得到5个因子,分别表征燃料挥发源、工业排放源、汽油车尾气和植物排放混合源、柴油车尾气排放源和燃料燃烧源,其贡献率分别为60.02%、8.50%、2.07%、12.21%、17.20%.利用Propy-equiv法和MIR法计算得出该研究区冬季大气中各类VOCs对臭氧生成的相对贡献率的大小均表现为烷烃烯烃芳香烃,其中环戊烷、正丁烷和1-戊烯的贡献率较高,气团光化学年龄较长.