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631.
为探究煤在氧化自燃过程中的热特性,采用傅里叶变换红外(FTIR)光谱试验分析煤样中官能团种类和含量的差异性,结合热重分析-差式扫描量热法(TG-DSC)联用试验,分析煤样在自燃过程中失重量、放热量等参数,建立动力学方程并求解,得到煤样的活化能值E和指前因子A。研究结果表明:不同变质程度煤分子中官能团种类相似,低变质程度煤样中的羟基、脂肪烃、含氧官能团含量多于高变质程度煤样;高变质程度煤的TG、DSC曲线较低变质程度煤的曲线发生偏移出现滞后性,煤氧复合速率减缓,失重量减少,放热量增加;在增重阶段,高变质程度煤的指前因子最小;而燃烧阶段,高变质程度煤的活化能与指前因子相较于低变质程度煤均增大,发生自燃需要更多的能量。  相似文献   
632.
以北京市3种典型土著沉水植物轮叶黑藻、狐尾藻和金鱼藻为研究对象,构建模拟水生生态系统,研究3种沉水植物对水体中NO3-和PO43-的耐受性并确定其耐受范围.同时,对植物体内过氧化氢酶、丙二醛、叶绿素和蛋白质4种指标进行检测.结果表明,轮叶黑藻对NO3-具有较强的耐受性,耐受浓度可达8 mg·L-1,金鱼藻和狐尾藻次之,耐受浓度为3~5 mg·L-1;狐尾藻对PO43-的耐受性最差,耐受浓度约为0.2 mg·L-1,轮叶黑藻和金鱼藻的耐受性相当,当PO43-浓度达到0.4 mg·L-1时开始出现显著胁迫.因此,在本研究的实验条件下,当水体NO3-浓度<5 mg·L-1、PO43-浓度<0.2 mg·L-1时,建议3种沉水植物同时种植;当NO3-浓度>5 mg·L-1时,建议种植轮叶黑藻;当PO43-浓度为0.2~0.4 mg·L-1时,建议种植轮叶黑藻和金鱼藻.研究结果可为北京市再生水补给河湖水库的水生态修复及其沉水植物群落的构建提供一定的理论指导.  相似文献   
633.
为探究华中地区灰霾天PM2.5中重金属元素的污染特征及其潜在健康风险,于2018年1月13~24日对华中区域观测点——黄冈站点加密采集PM2.5样品.采用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(ICP-MS)对PM2.5中Cr、Mn、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Cd、Sn和Pb进行分析,通过富集因子法对其污染特征进行探讨,并采用美国环保署推荐的暴露模型对其潜在风险进行评估.结果表明,观测期间PM2.5中Zn质量浓度最高,致癌物质As、Cd质量浓度均高于我国环境空气质量标准(GB 3095-2012)的二级标准限值,70%的元素质量浓度在灰霾中期占比最大.富集因子分析显示,Cd、Sn、Co、Pb和Zn富集程度最高,特别是在灰霾中期,这些物质主要来源于交通和燃煤.人体健康风险评价结果显示,手口摄食是引起非致癌风险的主要途径,儿童的暴露量和非致癌风险均明显高于成人.Pb对儿童存在非致癌风险,PM2.5中重金属对成人不具有非致癌风险且致癌重金属不具有致癌风险.  相似文献   
634.
    
To evaluate the effectiveness of emission control regulations designed for reducing air pollution, chemically resolved PM2.5 data have been collected across Canada through the National Air Pollution Surveillance network in the past decade. 24-hr time integrated PM2.5 collected at seven urban and two rural sites during 2010-2016 were analyzed to characterize geographical and seasonal patterns and associated potential causes. Site-specific seven-year mean gravimetric PM2.5 mass concentrations ranged from 5.7 to 9.6 µg/m3. Seven-year mean concentrations of SO42?, NO3?, NH4+, organic carbon (OC), and elemental carbon (EC) were in the range of 0.68 to 1.6, 0.21 to 1.5, 0.27 to 0.71, 1.1 to 1.9, and 0.37 to 0.71 µg /m3, accounting for 10.8%-18.1%, 3.7%-16.7%, 4.7%-7.4%, 18.4%-21.0%, and 6.4%-10.6%, respectively, of gravimetric PM2.5 mass. PM2.5 and its five major chemical components showed higher concentrations in southeastern Canada and lower values in Atlantic Canada, with the seven-year mean ratios between the two regions being on the order of 1.7 for PM2.5 and 1.8-7.1 for its chemical components. When comparing the concentrations between urban and rural sites within the same region, those of SO42? and NH4+ were comparable, while those of NO3?, OC, and EC were around 20%, 40%-50%, and 70%-80%, respectively, higher at urban than rural sites, indicating the regional scale impacts of SO42? and NH4+ and effects of local sources on OC and EC. Monthly variations generally showed summertime peaks for SO42? and wintertime peaks for NO3?, but those of NH4+, OC, and EC exhibited different seasonality at different locations.  相似文献   
635.
综述了原位好氧稳定化技术的原理、系统构成、关键单元的设计和优化及终点评价,结合我国填埋场及垃圾特点,展望了该技术在我国的发展前景和挑战.均匀布气及配水是原位好氧稳定化项目实施过程中主要的难点.做好渗滤液导排保证堆体最优含水率、优化曝气及提气管道布局、分层整治并辅以高压局部曝气有望提高氧气利用率;采用分层回灌或者压力回灌以及控制回灌速率可分别改善液体回灌过程中的屏障效应和大孔隙出流效应,保障堆体布水均匀.好氧稳定化处理后垃圾腐殖土及场底土壤的风险评价体系及最终出路尚未明确,后期加强相关基础研究以指导工程应用是必要的.  相似文献   
636.
    
The iron and steel industry is not only an important foundation of the national economy, but also the largest source of industrial air pollution. Due to the current status of emissions in the iron and steel industry, ultra-low pollutant emission control technology has been researched and developed. Liquid-phase proportion control technology has been developed for magnesian fluxed pellets, and a blast furnace smelting demonstration project has been established to use a high proportion of fluxed pellets (80%) for the first time in China to realize source emission reduction of SO2 and NOx. Based on the characteristics of high NOx concentrations and the coexistence of multiple pollutants in coke oven flue gas, low-NOx combustion coupled with multi-pollutant cooperative control technology with activated carbon was developed to achieve efficient removal of multiple pollutants and resource utilization of sulfur. Based on the characteristics of co-existing multiple pollutants in pellet flue gas, selective non-catalytic reduction (SNCR) coupled with ozone oxidation and spray drying adsorption (SDA) was developed, which significantly reduces the operating cost of the system. In the light of the high humidity and high alkalinity in flue gas, filter materials with high humidity resistance and corrosion resistance were manufactured, and an integrated pre-charged bag dust collector device was developed, which realized ultra-low emission of fine particles and reduced filtration resistance and energy consumption in the system. Through source emission reduction, process control and end-treatment technologies, five demonstration projects were built, providing a full set of technical solutions for ultra-low emissions of dust, SO2, NOx, SO3, mercury and other pollutants, and offering technical support for the green development of the iron and steel industry.  相似文献   
637.
    
The real-time detection of the mixing states of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and nitro-PAHs in ambient particles is of great significance for analyzing the source, aging process, and health effects of PAHs and nitro-PAHs; yet there is still few effective technology to achieve this type of detection. In this study, 11 types of PAH and nitro-PAH standard samples were analyzed using a high performance-single particle aerosol mass spectrometer (HP-SPAMS) in lab studies. The identification principles ‘parent ions’ and ‘mass-to-charge (m/z) = 77’ of each compound were obtained in this study. It was found that different laser energies did not affect the identification of the parent ions. The comparative experiments of ambient atmospheric particles, cooking and biomass burning emitted particles with and without the addition of PAHs were conducted and ruled out the interferences from primary and secondary organics on the identification of PAHs. Besides, the reliability of the characteristic ions extraction method was evaluated through the comparative study of similarity algorithm and deep learning algorithm. In addition, the real PAH-containing particles from vehicle exhaust emissions and ambient particles were also analyzed. This study improves the ability of single particle mass spectrometry technology to detect PAHs and nitro-PAHs, and HP-SPAMS was superior to SPAMS for detecting single particles containing PAHs and nitro-PAHs. This study provides support for subsequent ambient observations to identify the characteristic spectrum of single particles containing PAHs and nitro-PAHs.  相似文献   
638.
页岩气的商业化开采虽然可以缓解油气资源短缺问题,满足经济发展需求,但不能忽视页岩气开采可能带来的巨大环境问题。为了探究页岩气开采产生的压裂返排液对农作物生长的影响,以冬小麦为研究对象,采用盆栽试验,探究了小麦3个关键生育期(播种期、分蘖期和抽穗期)施入压裂返排液对小麦生长及品质的影响。结果表明,随着返排液浓度升高,小麦株高、生物量、产量及产量构成因子总体呈下降趋势,小麦籽粒粗蛋白及矿质元素含量呈增长趋势,播种期旗叶叶面积呈增长趋势,分蘖期及抽穗期无显著变化。播种期、分蘖期和抽穗期施入返排液浓度分别≥50、≥50和≥150 g·kg-1时,小麦株高显著降低;返排液浓度分别≥200、≥150和≥100 g·kg-1时,小麦产量及其构成因子明显降低;返排液浓度分别≥50、≥100和≥100 g·kg-1时,小麦籽粒品质显著升高。综上,在播种期、分蘖期和抽穗期返排液泄漏进入农田土壤的浓度分别<200、<150和<100 g·kg-1时,小麦生长发育不会受到明显抑制作用,相反的,小麦的营养品质有一定的提升;返排液泄漏浓度在3个时期分别≥350、≥300和≥200 g·kg-1时,小麦无法正常生长最终死亡。  相似文献   
639.
气动热效应对某红外导引头影响分析   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1       下载免费PDF全文
导弹高速飞行时所产生的气动热,将影响探测器正常成像质量,从而影响导弹的命中精度和导引头的作用距离.由于新型隔热材料的采用,气动热对导引头性能影响减小很多.采用ANSYS软件对某导弹的气动热效应进行仿真,为高速导弹气动性能分析及其环境失效研究提供参考.  相似文献   
640.
为了探究我国火灾空间聚集特征与影响因素的空间异质性,采用全局莫兰指数、局部莫兰指数、逐步回归模型、地理加权回归模型、地理探测器方法对我国地级市单元进行研究。研究结果表明:我国火灾发生率具有显著的聚集性;我国火灾发生率较低的“冷点”区域有1个,火灾发生率较高的“热点”区域有4个;人均GDP、城镇居民人均可支配收入、人口密度、年平均气温4 个因素的影响效应具有空间异质性。人均GDP与火灾发生率为正相关,另外3影响因素对火灾发生率的作用表现出正负2种相关关系;2因素交互作用要比单因素作用于火灾发生率时影响力更显著,各影响因素的交互作用类型有非线性增强型和双因子增强型2种。  相似文献   
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