Effect of land use and land cover change on soil erosion and the spatio-temporal variation in Liupan Mountain Region, southern Ningxia, China

The Liupan Mountains are located in the southern Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region of China, that forms an important divide between landforms and biogeographic regions. The populated part of the Liupan Mountain Region has suffered tremendous ecological damage over time due to population pressure, excessive demand and inappropriate use of agricultural land resources. To present the relationship between land use/cover change and spatio-temporal variation of soil erosion, data sets of land use between the late 1980s and 2000 were obtained from Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) imagery, and spatial models were used to characterize landscape and soil erosion conditions. Also, soil erosion in response to land use and land cover change were quantified and analyzed using data from geographical information systems and remote sensing. Soil erosion by water was the dominant mode of soil loss, while soil erosion by wind was only present on a relatively small area. The degree of soil erosion was classified into five severity classes: slight, light, moderate, severe, and very severe. Soil erosion in the Liupan Mountain Region increased between the late 1980s and 2000, both in terms of acreage and severity. Moderate, severe, and very severe eroded areas accounted for 54.86% of the total land area. The lightly eroded area decreased, while the moderately eroded area increased by 368817 ha (22%) followed by severe erosion with 146552 ha (8.8%), and very severe erosion by 97067.6 ha (5.8%). Soil loss on sloping cropland increased with slope gradients. About 90% of the cropland was located on slopes less than 15°. Most of the increase in soil erosion on cropland was due to conversion of steep slopes to cropland and degradation of grassland and increased activities. Soil erosion was severe on grassland with a moderate or low grass cover and on dry land. Human activities, cultivation on steep slopes, and overgrazing of pastures were the main reasons for the increase in erosion severity.     

水稻与水芹间作栽培对水稻病虫草害和产量的影响

通过田间对比试验,研究了水稻(Oryza sativa)常规单作栽培(CR)、水芹(Oenanthe javanica)常规单作栽培(CO)、水稻与水芹常规间作栽培(CRO)和水稻与水芹有机间作栽培(ORO)4种处理对水稻病虫草害和水稻产量的影响效应.结果表明,两种间作栽培处理水稻主要病虫草害均显著低于CR处理;在水稻分蘖初期,CRO和ORO处理叶瘟病病丛率分别比CR处理降低45.12％和47.58％;在水稻分蘖末期,CRO和ORO处理叶瘟病病叶率分别比CR处理降低41.38％和6.80％.在水稻孕穗期和成熟期,CRO和ORO处理稻飞虱数量分别比CR处理减少69.77％、44.39％和82.80％、78.08％.在稻田杂草防控方面,CRO和ORO处理杂草密度较CR处理分别降低48.36％和39.34％.CRO和ORO处理的土地当量比分别为1.11和1.33,较CR处理分别增产11.31％和33.11％.认为水稻与水芹间作栽培模式能有效控制水稻病虫草害的发生,并能起到良好的增产效果,其中水稻与水芹有机间作栽培的综合效益更为明显.     

湿疹喷雾剂提取方法的研究

目的对湿疹喷雾剂提取方法进行优选,以保证制剂质量达到标准.方法选择渗漉法、回流法、浸渍法、超声法研究方中徐长卿、黄芩、紫草等六味药材的最优提取方法,并运用正交设计试验法优选工艺条件,采用高效液相色谱法测定方中丹皮酚、黄芩苷的含量,以此作为评价工艺的指标.结果回流法提取徐长卿、黄芩等五味药材最优工艺条件为:不浸泡,加醇量6倍、4倍,回流时间60、40 min,黄芩苷、丹皮酚浸出量分别可达401.86、97.93 mg,而渗漉法的最优工艺条件为:粉碎度20目,渗漉速度3 mL/min,浸渍时间24 h,加醇量为10倍,黄芩苷、丹皮酚浸出量分别可达332.04、92.27 mg.紫草单独用超声法提取,40 min时吸光值最大,为0.676;而用浸渍法则需36 h吸光值才达到最大,为0.492.结论徐长卿、黄芩等五味药材采用回流法较渗漉法提取效率高,紫草采用超声法较浸渍法提取效率高.表9,参5     

ARIMA时间序列分析模型在臭氧浓度中长期预报中的应用

近年来,京津冀地区近地面臭氧浓度呈现上升趋势,臭氧污染超标情况严重.目前由于前体物源排放清单、臭氧生成和扩散的物理和化学过程机制存在不足等原因,导致了数值模型在预报夏季臭氧浓度时仍然存在较大偏差,而时间序列分析方法由于具有建模简单、计算成本低的特点,在臭氧污染预报中具有很好的应用前景.本研究利用华北区域大气本底站上甸子站点和环境监测总站天津和保定站点的臭氧观测数据,采用ARIMA时间序列分析模型开展臭氧浓度中长期预报研究.结果表明,季节性ARIMA模型在预报臭氧长期月均值时,预测值和观测值的相关系数R可达0.951,均方根误差RMSE仅为10.2 μg·m^-3.加入了日最高气温及二次项作为协变量的动态ARIMA模型,对臭氧日最大8 h滑动平均值的预报效果得到了很大提升,预测值和观测值的相关系数由0.296~0.455提升至0.670~0.748,RMSE得到了有效降低.     

关于黄沙研究与进展

该文介绍了黄沙研究的历史,包括自公元前1150年开始我国历史资料中关于黄沙的记载,第四纪地质学和环境科学中与黄沙有关的研究概况,近年来国内外对黄沙研究的新进展,以及采用卫星云图、激光雷达探测仪等遥测新技术。      

牡丹皮、川芎和石菖蒲挥发油提取工艺研究

目的确定牡丹皮、川芎和石菖蒲挥发油最适宜的提取工艺方法．方法用共水回流冷凝法研究了三种药材混合提取及分开提取挥发油的工艺方法,以挥发油的重量为指标来评价提取工艺．结果混合提取及分开提取所获得的挥发油的重量,经统计学分析无显著性差异（P〉0．05）．结论共水回流冷凝法混合提取牡丹皮、川芎和石菖蒲挥发油的工艺可行、简便,适合工业化大生产．表5,参3     

固定化皮氏伯克霍而德氏菌降解喹啉的研究

从焦化污泥中通过富集培养筛选到 1株以喹啉为唯一碳源和氮源的菌种 ,鉴定为 Bukholderia pickettii sp.,即皮氏伯克霍而德氏菌 ,革兰氏阴性菌 .采用固定化凝胶小球和纱布 - PVA复合载体固定化 ,对 2种方法降解喹啉的效果进行了比较 .就纱布 - PVA复合载体固定化微生物进行其降解喹啉的动力学研究 ,在喹啉浓度为 50 ,1 0 0 ,30 0 ,50 0 mg/L时 ,降解动力学方程遵循零级反应 ,降解速率常数随着喹啉初始浓度的升高而增加 .     

环境中有害金属植物修复的生理机制及进展

重金属和放射性核素是污染土壤和水体的两大类有害金属,有关它们的传统治理方法不太理想。依赖于植物的修复技术是近年来发展起来的一种非常有前途的污染治理技术,笔者就其修复有害金属污染土壤和水体的生理机制、研究方向及进展、合适植物的选取等方面作了详细介绍。      

浙江省小微企业危险废物集中收运体系建设实践与思考

针对民营经济发达、小微企业众多、工业危险废物产生量少但种类多的情况,浙江省在全域"无废城市"建设中,以"政府引导、市场主导"为原则,建立了覆盖全省的小微企业危险废物集中收运体系,以破解小微企业危险废物处置出路难的问题.概述了浙江省小微企业危险废物产生及收运现状,并依据集中收运体系的准入条件和建设要求,梳理了全省小微企业...     

固体废物焚烧处理中的二■■排放

在总结近年来环境二■■的研究成果的基础上,概括地介绍了二■■的来源和毒性,着重分析了面体废物焚烧处理过程中二■■的生成和排放机制,提出了具体的控制措施,并指出在加强管理和采取对策的条件下,固体废物的焚烧不会成为环境二■■的重要来湎。