未确知测度模型及在环境质量评价中的应用

对未确知测度综合评价模型作一简要介绍，并将该模型应用于环境质量评价，提出了确定污染指标权重的新方法。通过6个湖库水体高营养化程度综合评价实例比较，结果表明，其评价结果与调查实况相符，可应用于其他环境质量评价领域。     

不同填料人工湿地处理系统的净化能力研究

研究了沸石、沸石－石灰石、石灰石3种填料的人工湿导的净化能力。结果表明：（1）沸石和石灰石混合使用，不会降低沸石吸附氨氮的能力；（2）沸石可促使难溶性P的释放，使得石灰石吸附P被植物和微生物吸收利用；（3）沸石和石灰石发生了协同作用，对TN、TP的去除效果均好于其单独使用。     

Alteration of dominant cyanobacteria in different bloom periods caused by abiotic factors and species interactions

Freshwater cyanobacterial blooms have drawn public attention because they threaten the safety of water resources and human health worldwide. Heavy cyanobacterial blooms outbreak in Lake Taihu in summer annually and vanish in other months. To find out the factors impacting the cyanobacterial blooms, the present study measured the physicochemical parameters of water and investigated the composition of microbial community using the 16S rRNA gene and internal transcribed spacer amplicon sequencing in the months with or without bloom. The most interesting finding is that two major cyanobacteria, Planktothrix and Microcystis, dramatically alternated during a cyanobacterial bloom in 2016, which is less mentioned in previous studies. When the temperature of the water began increasing in July, Planktothrix appeared first and showed as a superior competitor for M. aeruginosa in NO₃^?-rich conditions. Microcystis became the dominant genus when the water temperature increased further in August. Laboratory experiments confirmed the influence of temperature and the total dissolved nitrogen (TDN) form on the growth of Planktothrix and Microcystis in a co-culture system. Besides, species interactions between cyanobacteria and non-cyanobacterial microorganisms, especially the prokaryotes, also played a key role in the alteration of Planktothrix and Microcystis. The present study exhibited the alteration of two dominant cyanobacteria in the different bloom periods caused by the temperature, TDN forms as well as the species interactions. These results helped the better understanding of cyanobacterial blooms and the factors which contribute to them.     

柱撑粘土材料的环境化学行为

柱撑粘土是一种新型的复合材料，国内外近年来进行了广泛和深入的，本文系统评述了国内外柱撑粘土复合材料的环境化学行为，吸附重金属离子，吸附苯酚类物质，吸附磷类物质，吸附废水中的COD，大气污染等方面，揭示该种新材料在各种污水处理中具有广阔的应用前景。     

雨水管网混接入渗诊断技术研究进展

雨水管网是缓解城市内涝、改善水环境质量的重要市政基础设施,受管材老化腐蚀和施工过程不当等影响,我国城市雨水管网建成后普遍存在地下水入渗和污水混接问题,制约着雨水管网功能高效发挥。排水管网入流入渗诊断技术可为雨水管网混接入渗问题的识别和定位提供支持。综述了排水管网入流入渗诊断技术（物探检测技术、流量分析技术、特征因子分析技术、水动力反演模型技术）的基本原理、研究进展、应用特征等,对比分析了不同技术应用于雨水管网混接入渗诊断的适用性、实施要点、诊断水平和发展阶段等,并提出未来雨水管网混接入渗诊断技术的发展方向。结果表明：1）特征因子分析技术可在不干扰雨水管网正常运行条件下识别和量化混接入渗问题、提供治理优先级,因此经济和环境效益显著;2）光纤分布式测温（FDTS）技术和水动力模型反演技术在无干扰定位雨水管网混接入渗方面优势显著,前者易于实施且定位精准度高,后者具有成本低且可评级混接入渗等级特点,可根据场景特征因地制宜选用;3）未来雨水管网混接入渗诊断技术将朝着低成本、无干扰、可量化、可定位的方向发展。通过评估不同技术在当前和未来的综合应用效果,明确了单一诊断技术难以具备未来预期特征,而特征因子分析技术耦合FDTS技术或水动力模型反演技术的分级诊断体系具有实现未来技术发展目标的优势潜力。研究可为雨水管网混接入渗诊断技术的科学应用和优化创新提供参考。

     

Hg0 removal from flue gas over different zeolites modified by FeCl3

The elemental mercury removal abilities of three different zeolites (NaA, NaX, HZSM-5) impregnated with iron (III) chloride were studied on alab-scale fixed-bed reactor. X-ray diffraction, nitrogen adsorption porosimetry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and temperature programmed desorption (TPD) analy-ses were used to investigate the physicochemical properties. Results indicated that the pore structure and active chloride species on the surface of the samples are the key factors for physisorption and oxidation of Hg⁰, respectively. Relatively high surface area and micropore volume are beneficial to efficient mercury adsorption. The active Cl species generated on the surface of the samples were effective oxidants able to convert elemental mercury (Hg⁰) into oxidized mercury (Hg²⁺). The crystallization of NaCl due to the ion exchange effect during the impregnation of NaA and NaX reduced the number of active Cl species on the surface, and restricted the physisorption of Hg⁰. Therefore, the Hg⁰ removal efficiencies of the samples were inhibited. The TPD analysis revealed that the species of mercury on the surface of FeCl₃-HZSM-5 was mainly in the form of mercuric chloride(HgCl₂), while on FeCl₃-NaX and FeCl₃-NaA it was mainly mercuri coxide(HgO).     

内蒙古气温变暖停滞对其影响因子变化的响应

采用中心聚类、M-K检验等方法,以内蒙古地区为例,利用全球Pacific Decadal Oscillation（PDO）、Multivariate ENSO Index（MEI）等大空间尺度数据以及内蒙古及其周边70个气象站1951~2016年平均最低气温、平均气温、平均最高气温、风速、大气压等站点数据,定性、定量揭示变暖停滞的变化特征及其对影响因子变化的响应.结果表明：研究区各分区3类气温在1981~1993年间发生升温突变,此后1998~2008年间陆续发生变暖停滞.不同类型气温在不同分区与各影响因子的相关性优劣有所不同,如平均最低气温与AMO、PDO、MEI、太阳总辐射、风速、大气压的相关性最好,平均气温次之,平均最高气温最差;西部区气温与AMO、PDO、MEI、太阳总辐射相关性较好,中部区气温则与AMO、风速相关性较好等.整体上,1990s~2000s,随各分区AMO上升驱缓、PDO处于正位相阶段但呈下降趋势或处于负位相时、MEI值与太阳总辐射下降、风速、大气压、相对湿度的持续下降/上升及之后的趋势转变,各分区气温发生变暖停滞,如当AMO开始整体进入上升趋缓阶段,风速持续减小8~13a,倾向率达到-0.26~-0.11m/（s·10a）时,平均气温发生变暖停滞.平均最低气温对3类影响因子变化的响应最敏感,平均气温次之.气温变暖停滞是多种影响因子共同作用的结果.本研究丰富了该方面研究成果,对气候变化研究及防灾减灾等有一定借鉴意义.     

Cost-performance analysis of nutrient removal in a full-scale oxidation ditch process based on kinetic modeling

A full-scale oxidation ditch process for treating sewage was simulated with the ASM2d model and optimized for minimal cost with acceptable performance in terms of ammonium and phosphorus removal. A unified index was introduced by integrating operational costs (aeration energy and sludge production) with effluent violations for performance evaluation. Scenario analysis showed that,in comparison with the baseline (all of the 9 aerators activated), the strategy of activating 5 aerators could save aeration energy significantly with an ammonium violation below 10%. Sludge discharge scenario analysis showed that a sludge discharge flow of 250–300 m3/day (solid retention time (SRT), 13–15 days) was appropriate for the enhancement of phosphorus removal without excessive sludge production. The proposed optimal control strategy was: activating 5 rotating disks operated with a mode of "111100100" ( "1"represents activation and "0" represents inactivation) for aeration and sludge discharge flow of 200 m3/day (SRT, 19 days). Compared with the baseline, this strategy could achieve ammonium violation below 10% and TP violation below 30% with substantial reduction of aeration energy cost (46%) and minimal increment of sludge production (< 2%). This study provides a useful approach for the optimization of process operation and control.     

低频率干湿交替环境中有机涂层失效过程

目的 研究低频率干湿循环条件下的有机涂层失效过程。方法 应用电化学阻抗谱技术,结合浸泡过程中涂层表面以及基底金属的形貌变化,对比研究全浸环境和低频率干湿交替环境下,浸泡初期、浸泡中期、浸泡末期有机涂层的失效过程及特征。结果 低频率干湿交替环境下,涂层在浸泡初期、中期、末期所经历的时长分别为18、4、46天,较全浸环境来讲,显著缩短了浸泡中期的时长,同时也显著延长了浸泡末期的时长。两种环境下的涂层均发生明显的局部剥离,且基底金属也均有明显的局部腐蚀。结论 低频率干湿交替环境明显延长了涂层的失效过程,且此环境下基底金属出现了明显的局部腐蚀。     

流域社会经济与水环境质量耦合协调度分析

从经济发展、社会发展、环境保护等方面构建耦合协调评价指标体系,采用熵权法确定指标权重,利用力学平衡模型,对闽江流域各个地区2006~2016年耦合协调程度进行评估.结果表明：三明、南平、福州市的经济发展水平、社会发展水平、环境保护水平总体上均呈现逐年递增的趋势,在空间上大体表现为福州 > 三明 >≈南平.三明、南平、福州等地区的耦合协调度总体上呈现递增趋势,在空间上表现为福州>三明≈南平.从时间变化看,可以将闽江流域耦合协调度划分成3个阶段：阶段I （2006~2009年）、阶段Ⅱ （2009~2013年）、阶段Ⅲ （2013~2016年）.根据闽江流域各地区耦合协调度偏离方向θ的大小,将闽江流域各地区不同年限的耦合协调发展划分为环境保护滞后型（I象限）、经济发展滞后型（Ⅱ象限）、社会发展滞后型（Ⅲ象限）,并对不同滞后类型分别提出改进方向.