高技术产业创新资源绩效的时空分异研究——以全球创新型国家为例

构建了高技术产业创新资源绩效评价的投入产出指标体系,利用《美国科学工程分类指标年鉴》及经济合作与发展组织（OECD） 1995-2011年高技术产业活动相关数据,运用超效率DEA模型和区域差异测度锡尔指数对全球28个国家或地区的高技术产业创新资源绩效及各区域创新资源绩效差异进行分析.结果显示：①全球28个国家或地区的高技术产业创新资源绩效水平呈现两级分化趋势.其中,新加坡、瑞士、瑞典、美国4个国家的得分较高,排名靠前,其他国家或地区绩效水平较低.②欧洲、美洲、亚洲-大洋洲之间的高技术产业创新资源绩效水平差异呈现缩小趋势,欧洲区域内部高技术产业创新资源绩效水平差异呈现逐年扩大趋势.     

珠三角一次重空气污染过程特征分析及数值模拟

以珠江三角州地区(珠三角)2009年11月23─29日一次重空气污染过程为例,利用常规观测资料及中尺度气象模式(MM5)、污染源排放模式(SMOKE)和空气质量模式(CMAQ)的模拟,研究此次重空气污染过程的特征. 结果表明,造成此次重污染的主要原因有:①前期高压脊带来的稳定层结和静小风条件使得大气污染物逐日累积,难以扩散;②西太平洋台风向南海附近发展移动时,其外围下沉气流导致珠三角大气污染物向低层输送并积累. 珠三角区域污染分布特征表明,广州和佛山的本地贡献明显,而肇庆等地受外地源输送的影响更为显著.      

Microwave-assisted continuous flow phytosynthesis of silver nanoparticle/reduced graphene oxide composites and related visible light catalytic performance

The creation of an environmentally friendly synthesis method for silver nanomaterials (AgNPs) is an urgent concern for sustainable nanotechnology development. In the present study, a novel straightforward and green method for the preparation of silver nanoparticle/reduced graphene oxide (AgNP/rGO) composites was successfully developed through the combination of phytosynthesis, continuous flow synthesis and microwave-assistance. Oriental persimmon (Diospyros kaki Thunb.) extracts were used as both plant reducing and capping agents for fast online synthesis of AgNP/rGO composites. The experimental parameters were optimized and the morphologies of the prepared materials were investigated. The characterization results reveal that spherical AgNPs were quickly synthesized and uniformly dispersed on rGO sheets using the proposed online system. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis confirmed that phenols, flavonoids, and other substances in the plant extracts played a decisive role in the synthesis of AgNP/rGO composites. Using sodium borohydride (NaBH₄) degradation of p-nitrophenol (4-NP) as a model, the catalytic activity of the prepared AgNP/rGO materials was evaluated. The complete degradation of 4-NP was achieved within 12 min through the use of AgNP/rGO materials, and the composite had a much better catalytic activity than the bare AgNPs and rGO had. Compared with the conventional chemical method, our online method is facile, fast, cost-efficient, and environmentally friendly.     

土工膜渗漏定位方法研究

对偶极子法电极形状和外形尺寸以及其他影响定位的因素进行了深入研究.结果表明:偶极子的检测电压与偶极子的外形尺寸关系不大.偶极子检测电压最大值出现在偶极子中心与漏洞的距离等于偶极子间距的1/2处,并且偶极子的间距越大,检测电压越高.偶极子下沿距离HDPE膜越近,检测电压变化越明显.在多漏洞的情况下,当偶极子的间距小于漏洞间距时,2个漏洞都能被检测出来;当2个漏洞间距小于偶极子间距时,将可能漏检1个漏洞.膜上供电电极的位置对漏洞定位有一定的影响,在测量时应尽可能将供电电极远离测量区.      

水泥窑共处置过程中水泥生料对Pb与Cd的吸附/冷凝特性

为了研究水泥窑共处置过程中水泥生料对Pb、Cd的吸附/冷凝特性,采用氮吸附仪和SEM(场发射扫描电镜)对水泥生料的基本物理性质(比表面积、孔径和微观表面积)进行研究;同时,利用小型试验装置对重金属Pb、Cd的氧化物(PbO、CdO)展开了吸附/冷凝研究. 结果表明:水泥生料的比表面积(2.49 m2/g)较小,微观表面结构致密无孔,因此,在水泥窑共处置过程中水泥生料对重金属的吸附/冷凝作用以冷凝为主. 进入控温立式炉的重金属可分为三部分:①冷凝在管壁上,其中Pb、Cd分别占各自入炉总量的67%～72%、58%～65%;②吸附/冷凝在水泥生料上,其中Pb、Cd分别占各自入炉总量的13%～17%、16%～21%;③随烟气释放到空气中,其中Pb、Cd分别占各自入炉总量的10%～18%、14%～26%. 水泥生料对Pb、Cd的吸附/冷凝特性均可用双常数方程拟合,线性拟合的相关系数均在0.95以上. 动力学方程拟合得到水泥生料对Pb、Cd的吸附/冷凝活化能,二者分别为5.827、6.050 kJ/mol,由此可预测水泥生料对Pb和Cd的吸附/冷凝量.      

微生物对汞矿区农田土壤汞甲基化的影响

为研究典型汞矿区农田土壤中汞的甲基化作用,实验以受汞污染的旱田土壤和稻田土壤为对象,分别进行灭菌,促进硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)活性处理,抑制SRB活性处理以及促进铁还原菌(FeRB)活性处理,分析非微生物作用和微生物作用对土壤甲基汞(MeHg)生成的影响.结果表明,促进SRB活性处理的土壤MeHg生成量最高,其中旱田土MeHg增量为0.15~0.38μg·kg~(-1),稻田土壤MeHg增量为1~2μg·kg~(-1);抑制SRB活性处理和促进FeRB活性处理的MeHg增量较小,最高值仅为0.025μg·kg~(-1).相比于旱田土壤,稻田土壤具有更高的汞甲基化能力,其MeHg生成量是旱田土壤的4~9倍.土壤SRB数量与MeHg生成量具有相同的变化趋势,二者具有显著的正相关性(R~2=0.57,P0.01).因此,该研究区土壤汞甲基化作用主要是微生物汞甲基化作用,且主要的汞甲基化细菌是SRB.此外,稻田是农田中MeHg生成的活跃地区,在评估和控制MeHg对人体健康危害时需要重点关注.     

AOX漂白废水对黑鲷鱼卵及仔鱼的毒性效应

用含AOX的造纸漂白废水对人工养殖的黑鲷鱼卵和早期仔鱼进行了毒性实验.结果表明:对于AOX漂白废水的毒性,黑鲷鱼卵胚胎阶段比早期仔鱼阶段更为敏感.高浓度的AOX漂白废水对鱼卵孵化产生一定的抑制作用,对仔鱼产生尾部畸形和致死现象,鱼卵孵化的EC50和95%置信区间分别为0.018和0～0.087 mL/mL;仔鱼72 h LC50和96h LC50分别为0.557和0.774 mL/mL,72 h的LOEC和NOEC分别为0.032和0.001 mL/mL,96 h的LOEC和NOEC分别为0.003和0.001 mL/mL.表明仔鱼对AOX漂白废水的毒性敏感性随着时间的推移而逐渐减弱.      

污泥中重金属处理技术的研究现状及发展趋势

随着世界各国经济迅速发展和人口的不断增长,污泥中重金属的污染已成为全球关注的热点问题之一,污泥中的重金属迫切需要综合整治。本文在对污泥中重金属处理技术概述的基础上,就近年来污泥中重金属的现状进行了分析,探讨出污泥中重金属处理技术的发展前景。     

生活垃圾填埋污染控制标准比较研究

详细介绍了美国《城市生活垃圾填埋场标准》，德国《生活垃圾技术条例》．日本《废弃物最终处置场指南》和欧盟《废弃物填埋导则》等有关生活垃圾填埋污染控制的标准的主要内容以厦其主要特点．井与中国现行的《生活垃圾填埋污染控制标准》（GB16889—1997）相比较，主要从选址、入场垃圾要求、渗滤液排放标准、防渗结构和终场覆盖系统等5方面分析了GB16889中存在的一些问题，并对今后其修订、完善工作提出了具体的建议。     

Alteration of dominant cyanobacteria in different bloom periods caused by abiotic factors and species interactions

Freshwater cyanobacterial blooms have drawn public attention because they threaten the safety of water resources and human health worldwide. Heavy cyanobacterial blooms outbreak in Lake Taihu in summer annually and vanish in other months. To find out the factors impacting the cyanobacterial blooms, the present study measured the physicochemical parameters of water and investigated the composition of microbial community using the 16S rRNA gene and internal transcribed spacer amplicon sequencing in the months with or without bloom. The most interesting finding is that two major cyanobacteria, Planktothrix and Microcystis, dramatically alternated during a cyanobacterial bloom in 2016, which is less mentioned in previous studies. When the temperature of the water began increasing in July, Planktothrix appeared first and showed as a superior competitor for M. aeruginosa in NO₃^?-rich conditions. Microcystis became the dominant genus when the water temperature increased further in August. Laboratory experiments confirmed the influence of temperature and the total dissolved nitrogen (TDN) form on the growth of Planktothrix and Microcystis in a co-culture system. Besides, species interactions between cyanobacteria and non-cyanobacterial microorganisms, especially the prokaryotes, also played a key role in the alteration of Planktothrix and Microcystis. The present study exhibited the alteration of two dominant cyanobacteria in the different bloom periods caused by the temperature, TDN forms as well as the species interactions. These results helped the better understanding of cyanobacterial blooms and the factors which contribute to them.