单级SBR生物膜中全程自养脱氮的研究

研究了具有全程自养脱氮作用的生物膜中无机碳源浓度、pH值、溶解氧(DO)对全程自养脱氮的影响.结果表明,当NaHCO3浓度从1.75g/L上升到2.50g/L时,反应体系中的pH值从7.6～8.0上升到8.8左右,氨氮转化率和总无机氮去除率分别急剧下降到53%和48.8%.在进水氨氮负荷为60g/(m³·d)时,最佳DO应控制在0.5～0.7mg/L,此时氨氮转化率达到90%以上.     

新烟碱类杀虫剂吡虫啉和啶虫脒对人神经母细胞瘤SK-N-SH细胞的毒性作用

吡虫啉和啶虫脒是目前使用较广的2种新烟碱类杀虫剂,它们在环境、食品和人体样品中的普遍残留,对人体健康构成威胁,但目前关于其对人的神经毒性仍知之甚少.本文以人神经母细胞瘤SK-N-SH细胞为模型,采用体外细胞实验,研究不同浓度吡虫啉和啶虫脒暴露对细胞活力、细胞形态、烟碱型乙酰胆碱受体(nAChRs)α7亚基的mRNA和蛋白表达、乙酰胆碱酯酶活性以及氧化应激的影响,为这2种杀虫剂的健康风险评价提供依据.实验中,先将SK-N-SH细胞分别暴露于不同浓度的吡虫啉和啶虫脒24 h,通过测定细胞活力,确定2种杀虫剂的10％抑制浓度(IC10)值.在此基础上,设定3个梯度的低暴露浓度(0.01、0.1和1 mmol· L-1)和溶剂对照,研究吡虫啉和啶虫脒对SK-N-SH细胞其他指标的影响(暴露24 h后).细胞活力、氧化损伤和乙酰胆碱酯酶活性分别用相应的试剂盒测定,细胞形态用倒置光学显微镜观察,nAChRs α7亚基的mRNA和蛋白表达分别用RT-qPCR和Western Blot测定.结果 表明,吡虫啉和啶虫脒的IC10值分别约为1.5 mmol· L-1和2.0 mmol· L-1.1 mmo1·L-1吡虫啉对nAChR α7的mRNA表达和蛋白表达均显著提高,对乙酰胆碱酯酶活性有显著抑制,并引起细胞显著的氧化应激(P＜0.05).0.1 mmol· L-1吡虫啉对乙酰胆碱酯酶活性有显著抑制(P＜0.05).1 mmol· L-1啶虫脒对nAChR α7的mRNA表达和蛋白表达均有显著提高(P＜0.05).为进一步揭示吡虫啉的影响,对0.1 mmol· L-1吡虫啉暴露组和溶剂对照组细胞进行了转录组分析,发现吡虫啉暴露对一些神经退行性疾病相关基因及其他一些重要通路相关基因有显著影响.本研究证明,吡虫啉和啶虫脒在非致死浓度条件下会对细胞产生一系列显著影响,吡虫啉的影响大于啶虫脒.     

美缝剂TVOC释放量与释放规律的测试与分析

提出了环境舱法测试美缝剂总挥发性有机化合物(TVOC)释放量的方法,对市场常见的美缝剂产品的TVOC进行了测试,并研究了美缝剂的TVOC释放规律和主要污染物.同时对美缝剂的甲醛释放量进行了测试.通过对16种环氧树脂美缝剂产品的数据分析显示,美缝剂产品的甲醛释放量风险较低;75%的产品在第7天的TVOC释放量可达到500μg·m^-3以下.但个别产品在28 d时仍有明显的VOC释放,显示其具有长期缓慢释放的特点.美缝剂释放的主要污染物为苯甲醛与苯甲醇,个别产品检出有甲苯和邻苯二甲酸酯类物质.     

三唑酮对青鳉鱼和大型溞不同测试终点的毒性效应评价

以青鳉鱼和大型溞为代表性水生生物,研究三唑酮对其不同测试终点的慢性毒性效应.结果显示,以生存、生长、繁殖为测试终点,青鳉鱼的NOEC分别为76,60,5μg/L,基于大型溞蜕皮次数、生长和繁殖的NOEC分别为25,100,200μg/L.由此可见,青鳉鱼比大型溞对三唑酮的毒性更敏感.比较不同测试终点,青鳉鱼的繁殖类指标最敏感,其次是生长、生存;相比大型溞的繁殖以及幼溞的生长,其幼溞的蜕皮次数指标更为敏感.因此,低剂量长期暴露下三唑酮会对水生生物的繁殖能力造成一定的损伤,评价其水生态安全应全面考虑不同生物种群的不同测试终点,尤其是鱼类繁殖毒性效应.     

高效纤维素降解菌分离筛选、复合菌系构建及秸秆降解效果分析

从川西高原贡嘎山区杜鹃林下土壤中分离纤维素降解菌,构建具有高效降解纤维素能力的复合菌系,并对秸秆降解效果进行分析,为农业废弃物的循环利用提供菌种资源和理论依据.样品及经风干、高温等预处理后,采用平板涂布法进行分离,共获得79株菌株;通过刚果红实验对分离获得的菌株进行初步筛选,运用DNS法测定各菌株的羧甲基纤维素酶活(Carboxymethyl cellulase,CMCase),复筛得到15株具有CMCase活能力的菌株.经滤纸条崩解实验、秸秆崩解实验及降解率测定,最终确定了各菌株的纤维素降解能力,进一步经拮抗实验,选取相互无拮抗的菌株构建5个复合菌系:A(112、146、156、171),B(145、147、150、153),C(110、116、174),D(147、154、171),E(145、146、150、152、153).复合菌系的滤纸酶活(Fpase)与秸秆降解率测定结果显示,组合C对秸秆的降解率较单菌株116提高了50.71%,组合D对秸秆的降解率较单菌株154提高了41.54%.经形态学和分子生物学鉴定,纤维素降解能力比较好的两个组合中的菌株分别被鉴定为类芽孢杆菌属(Paenibacillus sp.)、芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus sp.)、不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter sp.)以及链霉菌属(Streptomyces sp.).本研究表明,复合菌系纤维素降解能力优于单一菌株,C、D两组复合菌系表现出较高的纤维素降解能力,具有进一步开发的价值.     

类二噁英物质及芳香烃受体(AhR)介导的有害结局路径(AOP)研究进展

二噁英及类二噁英物质(dioxin-like compounds,DLCs)是一类高毒性化合物的统称,对其毒理学的研究一直都是备受关注的焦点。已有证据表明,高毒二噁英及DLCs主要通过激活芳香烃受体(aryl hydrocarbon receptor,AhR),进而导致一系列生物毒性。近年来越来越多的新型有机污染物被发现具有类二噁英分子结构并存在潜在生物毒性或活性。与此同时,如何评估二噁英及DLCs对本土生态生物的危害及其风险也受到更多关注。本文综述了近几年发现的新型二噁英物质、二噁英及DLCs的AhR致毒机制、相应的有害结局路径(adverse outcome pathway,AOP)及AOP在指导探索新型物质及物种敏感性方面上的新观点和发现,同时也展望了二噁英及DLCs在生态毒理及风险评估领域的未来研究方向。     

Simple model of sludge thickening process in secondary settlers

In wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), a secondary settler acts as a clarifier, sludge thickener, and sludge storage tank during peak flows and therefore plays an important role in the performance of the activated sludge process. Sludge thickening occurs in the lower portions of secondary clarifiers during their operation. In this study, by detecting the hindered zone from the complete thickening process of activated sludge, a simple model for the sludge thickening velocity, u _s = aX ^b (a = 0.9925SSVI _3.5, b = 3.541ln(SSVI _3.5)+12.973), describing the potential and performance of activated sludge thickening in the hindered zone was developed. However, sludge thickening in the compression zone was not studied because sludge in the compression zone showed limited thickening. This empirical model was developed using batch settling data obtained from four WWTPs and validated using measured data from a fifth WWTP to better study sludge thickening. To explore different sludge settling and thickening mechanisms, the curves of sludge thickening and sludge settling were compared. Finally, it was found that several factors including temperature, stirring, initial depth, and polymer conditioning can lead to highly concentrated return sludge and biomass in a biologic reactor.     

Photochemical indicators of ozone sensitivity: application in the Pearl River Delta,China

Surface O₃ production has a highly nonlinear relationship with its precursors. The spatial and temporal heterogeneity of O₃-NO _x -VOC-sensitivity regimes complicates the control-decision making. In this paper, the indicator method was used to establish the relationship between O₃ sensitivity and assessment indicators. Six popular ratios indicating ozone-precursor sensitivity, HCHO/NO _y , H₂O₂/ HNO₃, O₃/NO _y , O₃/NO _z , O₃/HNO₃, and H₂O₂/NO _z , were evaluated based on the distribution of NO_x- and VOC-sensitive regimes. WRF-Chem was used to study a serious ozone episode in fall over the Pearl River Delta (PRD). It was found that the south-west of the PRD is characterized by a VOCsensitive regime, while its north-east is NO _x -sensitive, with a sharp transition area between the two regimes. All indicators produced good representations of the elevated ozone hours in the episode on 6 November 2009, with H₂O₂/HNO₃ being the best indicator. The threshold sensitivity levels for HCHO/NO_y, H₂O₂/HNO₃, O₃/NO _y , O₃/NO _z , O₃/HNO₃, and H₂O₂/NO _z were estimated to be 0.41, 0.55, 10.2, 14.0, 19.1, and 0.38, respectively. Threshold intervals for the indicators H₂O₂/HNO₃, O₃/NO _y , O₃/NO _z , O₃/HNO₃, and H₂O₂/NO _z were able to identify more than 95% of VOC- and NO _x -sensitive grids. The ozone episode on 16 November 16 2008 was used to independently verify the results, and it was found that only H₂O₂/HNO₃ and H₂O₂/NO _z were able to differentiate the ozone sensitivity regime well. Hence, these two ratios are suggested as the most appropriate indicators for identifying fall ozone sensitivity in the PRD. Since the species used for indicators have seasonal variation, the utility of those indicators for other seasons should be investigated in the future work.

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春季中国南黄海与东海海水中溶解氨基酸的分布和组成

以2011年3月南黄海与东海部分海域为研究对象,对其中48个站位海水样品的总溶解氨基酸(THAA)、溶解结合氨基酸(DCAA)、溶解游离氨基酸(DFAA)的浓度分布和组成进行了研究。结果表明:表层海水中THAA的平均浓度为2.981.72 mol/L(1.27~8.54 mol/L),DCAA的平均浓度为2.761.63 mol/L(0.91~7.70 mol/L),DFAA的平均浓度为0.310.21 mol/L(0.11~1.14 mol/L)。溶解态氨基酸水平分布的趋势大致呈现出近岸高、远岸低的特点,其中,DCAA与THAA分布规律基本一致。溶解态氨基酸的垂直分布特点为次表层与海水底层出现了高值区。春季南黄海与东海表层海水中溶解氨基酸主要由天门冬氨酸、谷氨酸、丝氨酸、甘氨酸及丙氨酸构成。表层海水中个体氨基酸间的相关性矩阵显示DFAA中有5对氨基酸之间存在显著正相关。研究发现海水中溶解氨基酸与Chl a、DOC、DIN等环境因子均无显著相关性。