Simultaneous quantification of fifty-one odor-causing compounds in drinking water using gas chromatography-triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry

A wide range of compounds with various structural features can cause taste and odor(TO)problems in drinking water. It would be desirable to determine all of these compounds using a simple analytical method. In this paper, a sensitive method combining liquid–liquid extraction(LLE) with gas chromatography-triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry(GC–MS/MS)was established to simultaneously analyze 51 odor-causing compounds in drinking water,including organic sulfides, aldehydes, benzenes, phenols, ethers, esters, ketones, nitrogenous heterocyclic compounds, 2-methylisoborneol and geosmin. Three deuterated analogs of target analytes, dimethyl disulfide-d6, benzaldehyde-d6 and o-cresol-3,4,5,6-d4,were used to correct the variations in recovery, and five isotope-labeled internal standards(4-chlorotoluene-d4, 1, 4-dichlorobenzene-d4, naphthalene-d8, acenaphthene-d10, phenanthrene-d10 respectively) were used prior to analysis to correct the variations arising from instrument fluctuations and injection errors. The calibration curves of the target compounds showed good linearity(R2 0.99, level = 7),and method detection limits(MDLs) below 1/10 of the odor threshold concentrations were achieved for most of the odorants(0.10–20.55 ng/L). The average recoveries of most of the analytes in tap water samples were between 70% and 120%, and the method was reproducible(RSD 20%, n = 7). Additionally, concentrations of odor-causing compounds in water samples collected from three drinking water treatment plants(DWTPs) were analyzed by this method.According to the results, dimethyl trisulfide, dimethyl disulfide and indole were considered to be the key odorants responsible for the swampy/septic odor. 2-Methylisoborneol and geosmin were detected as the main odor-causing compounds for musty/earthy odor in DWTP B.     

Statistical regression modeling for energy consumption in wastewater treatment

Wastewater treatment is one of critical issues faced by water utilities, and receives more and more attentions recently. The energy consumption modeling in biochemical wastewater treatment was investigated in the study via a general and robust approach based on Bayesian semi-parametric quantile regression. The dataset was derived from a municipal wastewater treatment plant, where the energy consumption of unit chemical oxygen demand (COD) reduction was the response variable of interest. Via the proposed approach, the comprehensive regression pictures of the energy consumption and truly influencing factors, i.e., the regression relationships at lower, median and higher energy consumption levels were characterized respectively. Meanwhile, the proposals for energy saving in different cases were also facilitated specifically. First, the lower level of energy consumption was closely associated with the temperature of influent wastewater, and the chroma-rich wastewater also showed helpful in the execution of energy saving. Second, at median energy consumption level, the COD-rich wastewater played a determinative role in the reduction of energy consumption, while the higher quality of treated water led to slightly energy intensive. Third, the higher level of energy consumption was most likely to be attributed to the relatively high temperature of wastewater and total nitrogen (TN)-rich wastewater, and both of the factors were preferably to be avoided to alleviate the burden of energy consumption. The study provided an efficient approach to controlling the energy consumption of wastewater treatment in the perspective of statistical regression modeling, and offered valuable suggestions for the future energy saving.     

One-step synthesis of Cu(II) metal–organic gel as recyclable material for rapid, efficient and size selective cationic dyes adsorption

Efficient removal of non-biodegradable and hazardous dyes from wastewater remains a hot research topic. Herein, a rationally designed a Cu(Ⅱ)-based metal–organic gel(Cu-MOG) with a nanoporous 3 D network structure prepared via a simple one-step mixing method was successfully employed for the removal of cationic dyes. The Cu-MOG exhibited high efficiency, with an adsorption capacity of up to 650.32 mg/g, and rapid adsorption efficiency, with the ability to adsorb 80% of Neutral Red within 1 min. The high adsorption efficiency was attributed to its large specific surface area, which enabled it to massively bind cationic dyes through electrostatic interaction, and a nanoporous structure that promoted intra-pore diffusion. Remarkably, the Cu-MOG displayed size-selective adsorption, based on adsorption studies concerning dyes of different sizes as calculated by density functional theory. Additionally, the adsorption performance of the Cu-MOG still maintained removal efficiency of 100% after three regeneration cycles. These results suggested that the Cu-MOG could be expected to be a promising and competitive candidate to conveniently process wastewater.     

Effect of air masses motion on the rapid change of aerosols in marine atmosphere

The impact of air masses motion on marine aerosol properties was investigated using an on-board single particle mass spectrometer(SPAMS) deployed for the determination of single particle size resolved chemical composition over Southeast China Sea. Two aerosol blooms(E1 and E2) were observed during the cruise. High average particle number count occurred in E1(7320), followed by E2(5850), which was more than 100–150 times of the average particle number count during normal periods. Particles were classified as four major sources, including continental source, shipping source, marine source, and transport source based on the mass spectral similarity. Transport source was identified as those particles with high particle number count occurred only during aerosol bloom period. Three sub-types of EC-Ca, OC-Ca, and Al-rich were classified as transport source.EC-Ca was the dominant particles of the transport source, accounting for more than 70%of the total particles in aerosol bloom events. A uni-modal size distribution in the size range of 0.1–2.0 μm was observed during normal period, while a bimodal distribution with a tiny mode(0.3 μm) and a coarse mode between 0.4 and 0.6 μm was present during aerosol bloom. The variation of aerosol source is consistent with air masses back trajectories, for the reason that most of the long-range air trajectories are from the ocean,while short air trajectories originate in the continental regions, which means that air masses have a significant impact on the aerosol physical–chemical properties along their tracks.     

干湿交替频率对有机涂层失效过程的影响

目的研究干湿交替频率对有机涂层失效过程的影响。方法应用电化学阻抗谱技术,结合浸泡过程中涂层表面以及基底金属的形貌变化,对比研究高频率干湿交替环境和低频率干湿交替环境下,浸泡初期、浸泡中期、浸泡末期有机涂层的失效过程及特征。结果高频率干湿交替环境下,涂层在浸泡初期、中期、末期所经历的时长分别为13、2、5d,而低频干湿交替环境下,涂层在浸泡初期、中期、末期所经历的时长分别为18、4、46 d。对比来看,高频率干湿交替显著缩短了浸泡后期的时长,加速涂层失效过程。此外,高频干湿交替使涂层起泡位置分布均匀,基底金属均匀腐蚀,这与低频干湿交替环境恰好相反。结论高频率干湿交替环境下,涂层失效较快,涂层剥离及基底金属腐蚀较均匀。     

纳米Fe掺杂MIL-101(Cr)及其吸附放射性碘研究

目的改进并提高MIL-101(Cr)吸附气态碘单质的性能,以期用于核事故放射性碘富集吸收。方法通过水热法制备MIL-101(Cr)材料,并利用纳米Fe掺杂改性,运用SEM、XRD等对掺杂前后的材料进行表征。将材料在75℃条件下对气态碘单质进行吸附,并比较不同Fe掺杂量下材料对气态碘吸附性能的差异。结果纳米Fe成功掺杂于基体材料MIL-101中,并对基体材料晶体结构无破坏作用。吸附性能研究表明,掺杂纳米Fe质量分数为1%的Fe@MIL-101吸附性能最优,对气态碘的饱和吸附量可达3.42 g(I2)/g(MIL-101)。结论纳米Fe掺杂改性的MIL-101材料在高温条件下对气态碘单质具有良好的吸附效果,有望应用于核反应堆事故中对放射性碘的富集或捕集。     

莆田市O3污染来源解析模拟研究

福建省莆田市作为典型的海滨城市,自2015年以来以O₃为首要污染物的天数逐年增加.为了制定科学有效的减排措施,减轻莆田市的O₃污染,以2016年莆田市O₃污染高发的7—9月为研究时段,通过观测数据分析、空气质量模型敏感性分析和O₃来源追踪方法分析了莆田市近地面O₃生成控制区,以及O₃及其生成前体物NO_x与VOCs的区域和行业来源.结果表明:①莆田市西部地区为NO_x控制区,而东部沿海地区则为VOCs控制区.②莆田市ρ（NO_x）与ρ（VOCs）主要来自本地排放贡献,二者本地排放的贡献率分别为69.4%与64.2%,而本地排放对莆田市ρ（O₃）的贡献率仅为21.0%,福建省福州市和泉州市对莆田市ρ（O₃）的贡献率之和为37.6%,外来输送贡献率较大的为浙江省,其贡献率为11.6%.莆田市O₃的外来输送不仅发生在ρ（O₃）较高的时段,在ρ（O₃）较低的时段也占了很大的比例.③莆田市工业源对本地排放ρ（O₃）贡献率最大,达57%,其次是机动车源.④通过敏感性时间序列分析得出,同时削减10%的NO_x和VOCs排放,能使莆田市国控点位平均ρ（O₃）峰值下降约5 μg/m3.研究显示,莆田市NO_x与VOCs主要来自本地排放,O₃受外来输送影响较大,推进本地工业NO_x和VOCs污染的治理与加强机动车尾气的污染控制是减轻本地O₃污染的有效方法.      

日照岚山港对二甲苯泄漏风险分析与海洋环境影响预测

随着国民经济快速发展,我国沿海危险化学品的种类和数量逐年增加,随之而来的危化品泄漏风险日益增大,给海洋生态环境构成了潜在威胁。本文聚焦于我国北方最大的散装危化品集散中心-岚山港,以年吞吐量约占危化品总量41%的对二甲苯作为研究对象,利用危化品输移扩散模型和危化品海洋生物影响评价方法,预测了在三种事故情景下发生最大可信泄漏量对二甲苯泄漏入海事故的海洋环境影响。结果显示,陆上泄漏事故（化工码头操作性事故50 t对二甲苯泄漏或化工品储罐事故800 t对二甲苯泄漏）对二甲苯入海后,其高浓度范围主要集中在港池及港区附近,对附近3个海洋保护区无影响;当船舶在航道上发生2000 t对二甲苯等挥发微溶性化学品泄漏事故时,泄漏到水面的对二甲苯在北风涨落潮流和南偏东南风涨潮流的影响下会全部提前挥发掉而不会对附近的旅游区和海洋保护区产生影响,仅在南偏东南风落潮流的控制下向东北方向快速移动扩散,4 h后会开始影响金乌贼海洋保护区,最大浓度为5 mg/L,但持续时间较短,在泄漏后8 h左右挥发掉。     

典型近岸工程海域重金属Pb多相介质富集特性研究

以曹妃甸近岸工程海域的悬浮物及重金属污染物Pb为主要研究对象,采用趋势分析和多元统计相关分析方法,研究分析了6 a间悬浮物（水体中的悬浮物含量）、水相中的Pb含量和沉积相中的Pb含量的变化趋势及其相关关系,揭示重金属Pb在人为扰动因素影响下的演变规律与富集特性。趋势分析结果表明:随着悬浮物的增加与减少,研究区域水相中的Pb含量呈现出基本相同的增减规律,而沉积相中的Pb含量则呈现出相反的趋势。简单相关分析结果表明:悬浮物与水相之间呈较弱的正相关,悬浮物和沉积相之间呈较强的负相关,水相和沉积相之间呈较弱的负相关。偏相关与简单相关结果对比可知:水相和沉积相的变化最大,表明水相和沉积相受悬浮物影响较大;沉积相对悬浮物与水相之间的相关性影响弱之;悬浮物与沉积相之间的相关性变化不大,表明水相对于两者的影响较小。通过研究对于掌握工程海域重金属Pb的各相变化趋势与富集特性,具有重要的研究价值和实际意义,为近岸海域环境管理与工程建设提供指导。     

我国典型核电厂址海域中广域性鱼类的热耐受性研究

开展温排水对受纳水体中海洋生物的热耐受性研究,是温排水环境影响评价及其排放控制标准建立和完善的必要环节和重要依据。本文以红沿河、石岛湾、三门和台山4个典型核电厂址邻近海域作为研究区域,选取典型核电厂址海域内共有的广域性鱼类（即矛尾鰕虎鱼（chaeturichthys stigmatias））,通过受控实验研究目标鱼类的高起始致死温度及不同季节中温升速率对其耐温能力即最高临界温度的影响。试验结果表明:温升速率对不同厂址海域捕获的矛尾鰕虎鱼在不同季节的最大临界温度（critical temperature maximum,CTM）的影响规律不同;CTM和24 h高起始致死温度（upper incipient lethal temperature,UILT₅₀）与试验起始温度成正比;同一物种CTM的主要影响因素除了温升速率、试验起始温度,还有物种个体大小、生长发育阶段等其他关键因素;相同条件下矛尾鰕虎鱼的CTM均高于其24 hUILT₅₀。