The role of lipids in fermentative propionate production from the co-fermentation of lipid and food waste

● Lipid can promote PA production on a target from food waste. ● PA productivity reached 6.23 g/(L∙d) from co-fermentation of lipid and food waste. ● Lipid promoted the hydrolysis and utilization of protein in food waste. ● Prevotella , Veillonella and norank _f _Propioni bacteriaceae were enriched. ● Main pathway of PA production was the succinate pathway. Food waste (FW) is a promising renewable low-cost biomass substrate for enhancing the economic feasibility of fermentative propionate production. Although lipids, a common component of food waste, can be used as a carbon source to enhance the production of volatile fatty acids (VFAs) during co-fermentation, few studies have evaluated the potential for directional propionate production from the co-fermentation of lipids and FW. In this study, co-fermentation experiments were conducted using different combinations of lipids and FW for VFA production. The contributions of lipids and FW to propionate production, hydrolysis of substrates, and microbial composition during co-fermentation were evaluated. The results revealed that lipids shifted the fermentation type of FW from butyric to propionic acid fermentation. Based on the estimated propionate production kinetic parameters, the maximum propionate productivity increased significantly with an increase in lipid content, reaching 6.23 g propionate/(L∙d) at a lipid content of 50%. Propionate-producing bacteria Prevotella, Veillonella, and norank_f_Propionibacteriaceae were enriched in the presence of lipids, and the succinate pathway was identified as a prominent fermentation route for propionate production. Moreover, the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes functional annotation revealed that the expression of functional genes associated with amino acid metabolism was enhanced by the presence of lipids. Collectively, these findings will contribute to gaining a better understanding of targeted propionate production from FW.     

Biological removal of air loaded with a hydrogen sulfide and ammonia mixture

The nuisance impact of air pollutant emissions from wastewater pumping stations is a major issue of concern to China. Hydrogen sulfide and ammonia are commonly the primary odor and are important targets for removal. An alternative control technology, biofiltration, was studied. The aim of this study is to investigate the potential of unit systems packed with compost in terms of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide emissions treatment, and to establish optimal operating conditions for a full-scale conceptual design. The laboratory scale biofilter packed with compost was continuously supplied with hydrogen sulfide and ammonia gas mixtures. A volumetric load of less than 150 gH2S/(m^3.d) and 230 gNH3/(m^3.d) was applied for about fifteen weeks. Hydrogen sulfide and ammonia elimination occurred in the biofilter simultaneously. The removal efficiency, removal capacity and removal kinetics in the biofilter were studied. The hydrogen sulfide removal efficiency reached was very high above 99%, and ammonia removal efficiency was about 80%. Hydrogen sulfide was oxidized into sulphate. The ammonia oxidation products were nitrite and nitrate. Ammonia in the biofilter was mainly removed by adsorption onto the carrier material and by absorption into the water fraction of the carrier material. High percentages of hydrogen sulfide or ammonia were oxidized in the first section of the column. Through kinetics analysis, the presence of ammonia did not hinder the hydrogen sulfide removal. According to the relationship between pressure drop and gas velocity for the biofilter and Reynolds number, non-Darcy flow can be assumed to represent the flow in the medium.     

铜绿假单胞菌对铜和铅的吸附

研究了铜绿假单胞菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa)对Cu和Pb的吸附特性.结果表明,相同条件下,该菌株对Cu~(2+)的吸附率低于Pb~(2+).对于单一重金属体系,吸附率均随时间的延长先上升后平稳变化,2 h达到稳定.吸附率随投菌量的增加先迅速增加,之后趋于平稳.对于Cu~(2+),投菌量为1 g·L~(-1)时吸附率达到稳定,而Pb~(2+)的吸附效果达到平稳时的投菌量为0.5 g·L~(-1).单位质量菌体对Cu~(2+)、Pb~(2+)的吸附量随投菌量的增加而下降.pH为3时,菌体的吸附效果较差,当pH为5~8时,2种重金属的吸附效果较高.对于活菌,Pb~(2+)对菌体吸附Cu~(2+)有抑制作用,而Cu~(2+)对菌体吸附Pb~(2+)的影响无明显规律.对于失活菌,P.aeruginosa吸附Pb~(2+)和Cu~(2+)的效果均随共存重金属浓度的增大而降低,但Cu~(2+)对Pb~(2+)的影响比Pb~(2+)对Cu~(2+)的影响更显著.扫描电镜观察发现,吸附后的菌体较吸附前聚集性更好.总体而言,P.aeruginosa能对水体中共存的Cu~(2+)和Pb~(2+)有较好的吸附效果.     

岛礁环境下航空电连接器的腐蚀及其对信号传输的影响

目的 通过腐蚀加速试验,研究航空电连接器在某岛礁环境下的腐蚀特点和规律,并在此基础上,进一步研究航空电连接器腐蚀后对信号传输的影响。方法 根据该岛礁环境特点,设计腐蚀加速试验环境谱,基于此环境谱开展腐蚀加速试验,观察不同试验周期航空电连接器的腐蚀形貌,测量其接触电阻,研究腐蚀机理。然后设计电路,测量方波信号通过不同腐蚀程度电连接器的波形特征,通过对比分析研究腐蚀对信号传输的影响。结果 5个腐蚀循环周期后,电连接器插针表面开始出现微孔,接触电阻位于3～11m?;10个周期后,插针表面微孔数量增多,且坑蚀变深变大,接触电阻位于7～19 m?;15个周期后,插针表面部分镀金层脱落,接触电阻位于15～36 m?。电连接器腐蚀程度越深,信号相位差、上升时间和过冲的测量值就越大;信号频率增加,这3个测量参数也相应变大。结论 盐雾和交变湿热加电应力环境对航空电连接器接触表面腐蚀作用明显。潮湿盐雾侵入电连接器内部是导致接触电阻升高的直接原因。接触电阻并不能完全反映出腐蚀对信号传输的影响。当接触电阻较小时,电连接器腐蚀程度越大,信号失真就越明显;信号频率越高,信号失真越明显。     

基于突发地质灾害应急防治的边(滑)坡分类方法∗

边(滑)坡分类是进行突发地质灾害应急防治研究的重要手段之一,也是采用工程类比法进行边(滑)坡灾害防治的基础。为此,首先对国内外边(滑)坡分类方法研究现状进行了回顾,并按照分类方法及分类目的,把现有的边(滑)坡分类方法分为了4类:基于单因素及多因素的滑坡分类方法、基于破坏模式与治理措施的滑坡分类方法、基于监测预警的滑坡分类方法和基于稳定性评价的滑坡分类方法,而后对上述分类方法的优缺点进行了评述。最后,基于突发地质灾害应急防治的迫切需求和分类目的,在前人研究的基础上分别建立了基于监测预警和失稳后运动距离预测的突发滑坡应急防治分类方法,该分类方法基于应急防治的特殊要求,在前者加入了临灾征兆的分类指标,这将对突发滑坡灾害应急防治提供更有针对性的指导。     

循环荷载作用下加筋土路基动力响应研究∗

为明确模块面板式加筋土路基在顶面循环荷载作用下的受力变形规律与机制,以延安市某加筋土路基工程为背景,开展动三轴试验,关注不同荷载强度下试样动应力、动应变等多项指标的演化趋势,同时搭建加筋土路基数值模型并完成计算,明确路基水平沉降与面板侧向位移的潜在规律,进而探讨循环荷载作用下加筋土路基工程的动力响应机制。认知如下：在循环荷载的参与下,累积轴向塑性应变随加载次数的增加呈增长趋势,即先快速增大,随后趋缓,最后稳定;塑性应变曲线形态不一,呈“宽胖型”与“陡峻型”并存的态势;Monismith 模型和改进 Monismith 模型均可较好表达累积轴向塑性应变与循环次数的内在联系,但改进 Monismith 模型更为理想,动应力幅值越大,试样变形稳定所需加载次数越多;路基沉降和面板水平变形随着荷载强度的增加而增大,但所据位置较为稳定,其中峰值路基沉降始终处于载荷外侧处,峰值水平变形则位于 0.36~0.43 h 区间。     

Characterization of heavy metals in fly ash from municipal solid waste incinerators in Shanghai

This study aims to develop a methodology for analysis of characteristics of heavy metals in MSWI fly ash. It performed analysis of composition of heavy metals, leaching toxicity, leaching behavior as a function of pH, specification distribution and corresponding mineral components of residue derived from each step of the sequential extraction. It is found that content of heavy metals follows the sequence of Zn > Pb > Cu > Cr > As > Ni > Cd approximately Hg in both plants, and that total heavy metals account for less than 1% by mass of fly ash. Major hazardous heavy metals in fly ash are As, Cd, Hg, Pb and Zn, whose leaching ratios exceed the limit value described in hazardous waste identification standard. Measured leaching results of Cu, Pb and Zn are essentially consistent with the simulated results at pH between 0 and 13. Content of calcium-silicates, alumino-silicates and glass phases in residue derived from sequential extraction procedure increases steadily from the first step to the fifth step of the sequential extraction procedure. Cu, As, Cr, Hg, Cd, and Ni, relatively stable under strong basic conditions, can be leached out under strong acidic conditions, while Zn and Pb tend to be leached out under both strong acidic and basic conditions.     

浅析加油站施工现场HSE管理

随着全球经济一体化的加速发展以及信息技术的革命,HSE管理体系已成为世界性的潮流与主题。尤其在我国加入WTO之后,石油化工行业在面临国内市场严峻挑战的同时,还将面临国际市场更加剧烈的冲击。     

氧化石墨烯负载铁锰复合材料对镉砷污染土壤的钝化修复

为修复受到镉砷复合污染的农田土壤,将铁锰氧化物负载于氧化石墨烯表面,制备得到了新型氧化石墨烯负载铁锰复合材料.在此基础上开展了为期60 d土壤培养试验,通过对pH、DOC含量、土壤有效态Cd和As含量动态变化,以及土壤Cd和As形态的测定,探究了氧化石墨烯（GO）和氧化石墨烯负载铁锰复合材料（GO-FM）在不同添加比例下（0.1%、0.2%和0.3%）,对上虞和佛山两种理化性质和污染程度不同的土壤中Cd和As的钝化效果,并阐明其相应修复机制.结果表明,与空白对照相比,GO-FM提高了酸性上虞土的pH,但使佛山土pH降低.培养结束后,GO和GO-FM处理均增加了土壤DOC含量.GO-FM使佛山土可溶态Cd含量降低了5.08%~19.19%,有效态Cd含量降低了36.57%~42.8%,其主要钝化机制是静电吸附、络合和羟基化金属离子的形成.而酸性上虞土受静电斥力的影响使得GO-FM对Cd的钝化效果低于佛山土,但随着材料添加量的增加,GO-FM使氧化石墨烯增加土壤Cd有效性的趋势得到了抑制,添加0.2%和0.3%的GO-FM使上虞土有效态Cd含量降低了6.45%~13.56%.同时,复合材料通过锰氧化物对As的氧化作用以及As与铁氧化物表面羟基形成内表面螯合物的钝化机制,促使上虞土和佛山土的有效态As含量分别降低了4.34%~9.15%和0.87%~5.71%.总之,在佛山土中GO-FM对Cd的钝化效果优于上虞土,在上虞土中GO-FM对As的钝化效果优于佛山土.研究结果可为不同类型土壤镉砷复合污染防治提供理论依据和参考.     

基于深度学习的大数据空气污染预报

为了更好地反映环境污染变化趋势,为环境管理决策提供及时、全面的环境质量信息,预防严重污染事件发生,开展城市空气质量预报研究是十分必要的.本文针对环境大数据时代下的城市空气质量预报,提出了一种基于深度学习的新方法.该方法通过模拟人类大脑的神经连接结构,将数据在原空间的特征表示转换到具有语义特征的新特征空间,自动地学习得到层次化的特征表示,从而提高预报性能.得益于这种方式,新方法与传统方法相比,不仅可以利用空气质量监测、气象监测及预报等环境大数据,充分考虑污染物的时空变化、空间分布,得到语义性的污染物变化规律,还可以基于其他空气污染预测方法的结果(如数值预报模式),自动分析其适用范围、优势劣势.因此,新方法通过模拟人脑思考过程实现更充分的大数据集成,一定程度上克服了现有方法的缺陷,应用上更加具有灵活性和可操作性.最后,通过实验证明新方法可以提高空气污染预报性能.