电厂屏式过热器弯头开裂原因失效分析

通过外观检查、硬度、金相等检测方法,从金属管壁超温运行、蒸汽侧氧化行为、析出相及冷弯变形对组织性能影响等方面分析了某电厂1 000 MW超超临界机组屏式过热器弯头开裂原因,得出TP347HFG弯头开裂的主要原因是弯头组织富含较多的σ相、NbC等硬脆析出相,同时冷弯加工导致管子内部产生残余应力,加剧了弯头脆性开裂的倾向。     

场开挖爆破粉尘粒度分布特征杨房沟水电站料∗

通过分析杨房沟水电站料场开挖爆破粉尘的粒度分布特征,为改进爆破降尘工艺提供粉尘粒度学依据。在料场爆破区、工作平盘、出入沟、最终边帮等处采集粉尘样品,采用激光粒度分布仪测试粉尘样品的分散度;以粉尘粒度分布数据拟合分布函数,表明爆破粉尘的粒度分布函数呈现对数正态分布特征;与经典的罗森·拉姆勒(Rosin?Rammler)分布函数模型对比分析表明,对数正态分布函数用于描述爆破粉尘的粒度分布更加准确。基于对数正态分布函数模型,厘定爆破粉尘粒度分布参数,分析TSP、PM10、PM5、PM2.5及PM1粉尘占全尘的比例,定量表达爆破粉尘粒度分布特征。结果表明：杨房沟水电站料场爆破粉尘具有显著的对数正态分布特征;离爆破中心距离越远,粒度分布范围越窄,对人体有害粉尘占比越大;建议采用爆破粉尘捕捉吸附技术、掺和湿润性抑尘剂的水雾喷洒等降尘措施。     

Eco-Environmental Degradation in the Source Region of the Yellow River, Northeast Qinghai-Xizang Plateau

The Yellow River is the second longest river in China and the cradle of the Chinese civilization. The source region of the Yellow River is the most important water holding area for the Yellow River, about 49.2% of the whole runoff comes from this region. However, for the special location, it is a region with most fragile eco-environment in China as well. Eco-environmental degradation in the source region of the Yellow River has been a very serious ecological and socially economic problem. According to census data, historical documents and climatic information, during the last half century, especially the last 30 years, great changes have taken place in the eco-environment of this region. Such changes are mainly manifested in the temporal-spatial changes of water environment, deglaciation, permafrost reduction, vegetation degeneracy and desertification extent, which led to land capacity decreasing and river disconnecting. At present, desertification of the region is showing an accelerating tendency. This paper analyzes the present status of eco-environment degradation in this region supported by GIS and RS, as well as field investigation and indoor analysis, based on knowledge, multi-source data is gathered and the classification is worked out, deals with their natural and anthropogenic causes, and points out that in the last half century the desertification and environmental degradation of this region are mainly attributed to human activities under the background of regional climate changes. To halt further degradation of the environment of this region, great efforts should be made to use land resources rationally, develop advantages animal agriculture and protect the natural grassland.     

Characterization and diurnal variation of size-resolved inorganic water-soluble ions at a rural background site

Water-soluble inorganic ions in aerosol samples have been studied. The sample collection took place during summer in 2003 at a European background site which is operating within the framework of the European Monitoring and Evaluation Program. Gent type PM10 stacked filter unit (SFU) samplers were operated in parallel on a day and night basis to collect particles in separate coarse (2.0-10 microm) and fine (<2.0 microm) size fractions. Particulate masses were measured gravimetrically; the filters from one of the SFU samplers were analyzed by particle-induced X-ray emission spectrometry (PIXE) and instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA). Filters from the other SFU sampler were analyzed by ion chromatography (IC) for major inorganic anions (MSA-, NO2(-), NO3(-), Cl-, Br-, SO4(2-), oxalate) and cations (Na+, K+, NH4(+), Mg2+, Ca2+). The water-soluble inorganic ions measured were responsible for 44% and 16% of the total fine and coarse particulate mass, respectively. In the fine size fraction, the main ionic components were SO4(2-) and NH4(+) accounting for about 90% of fine ionic mass. In the coarse fraction the main ionic components were Ca2+ and NO3(-), followed by SO4(2-). Significant day and night difference in the mass concentrations was observed only for fine NO3(-). The molar ratios of fine NH4(+) to SO4(2-) indicated their complete neutralization to (NH4)2SO4. According to the cation-to-anion ratios the coarse particles were alkaline, while the fine particles were slightly acidic or neutral. By comparing the corresponding concentrations obtained from PIXE/INAA and IC, we determined the water-extractable part of the individual species. We also investigated the effect of long-range transported air masses on the local air concentrations, and we found that the air quality of this background monitoring station was affected by regional pollution sources.     

CO2资源化利用的现状及前景

介绍了CO2分离捕集最新工艺——电化学法、膜法、化学循环燃烧法的研究进展。评述分析了CO2的各种资源化应用前景：CO2气体用作生物碳源、辅助注射成型剂及有机物（如氨基甲酸酯、表面活性剂）合成原料等;液态CO2用于人造金刚石、热泵干燥、超临界CO2萃取及固体干冰冷喷射清洗等。CO2作为一种潜在的丰富碳源,应不断研发其新的应用领域,加快其工业化应用。     

分子印迹技术在环境科学领域中的应用

分子印迹技术（MIT）是一门新兴的边缘科学技术,它的产生与发展为环境科学打开了又一视角。介绍了MIT的产生与发展及基本原理,综述了MIT在环境科学领域中的应用,主要包括MIT在固相萃取、膜分离、色谱分析、传感器及分子印迹聚合物作为催化剂在环境修复中的应用。     

改良型Carrousel氧化沟工艺生物脱氮除磷效果研究

为了提高改良型Carrousel氧化沟工艺污水处理厂的脱氮除磷效果,结合某污水处理厂3年的运行实践,讨论了该工艺的处理效果,生物脱氮除磷原理及影响出水效果的因素.分析表明将DO控制在0.3～0.7 mg/L范围内,能够使出水中的TN浓度低于20 mg/L;在氧化沟中发生的同步硝化反硝化反应(SND)对总氮的去除的贡献占总系统脱氮的66%;该系统剩余污泥的含磷率为3.0%,生物细胞中平均含磷量可达细胞干重的4.2%;总磷去除率与污泥龄具有很好的线性关系,加大污泥排放量可以提高除磷效果.     

无过氧化氢添加Fenton氧化法降解有机物的可行性研究

Fenton反应可以氧化分解有机物,在反应中的关键氧化剂羟基自由基(HO·)是通过亚铁离子与过氧化氢作用生成的,因此,传统的Fenton氧化必须由外部添加过氧化氢.研究了一种新的方法,即采用Nafion膜固定化亚铁离子,并通过光催化反应提供Fenton氧化所需的过氧化氢,使得Fenton反应在不添加过氧化氢的条件下也能够连续进行.结果表明,以甲酸为代表有机物,该方法可以在不添加过氧化氢的条件下起到分解甲酸的作用.而且,通过对负载亚铁离子Nafion膜的再生,可以使该方法的降解能力保持在稳定的范围.     

聚合氯化铝-腐殖酸(PACl-HA)絮体的物理与分形特征研究

采用低温急速冷冻-真空干燥技术制备了PACl-HA絮体的粉末样品,研究了这些样品的物理与分形特征.结果表明,PACl-HA絮体具有无定形结构,主要组成元素为C、O、Al,所含特征官能团保留了絮体组成原料的一些特征;絮体的BET比表面积为130～161 m²·g^-1,BJH累积吸附孔体积为0.38～0.52 cm³·g^-1,BJH脱附平均孔径为7.7～9.6nm,PSD峰值对应孔径8.4～11.2nm.PACl-HA絮体具有自相似性的粗糙表面,呈现多尺度分形特征;图象法和N₂吸附/脱附等温线法确定的表面分形维数Ds分别为2.03～2.26、2.24～2.37,前者的分形尺度大约处于23～390nm之间,主要属于絮体外表面尺度,而后者的分形特征尺度区间的下限大约为0.2nm,属于孔表面尺度;另外,对同一絮体,N₂吸附法和脱附法确定的孔表面分形维数不同.热力学模型计算出的D_s远大于3,与Sahouli等的研究不符.     

受污染原水中有机物去除中试集成系统的工艺对比研究

在中试集成系统水平上对比研究了常规工艺、预臭氧化工艺、粒状活性炭吸附工艺、臭氧-生物活性炭工艺对受污染源水中的有机物及消毒副产物前体的去除效果.结果表明,前2种工艺对有机物的去除效能大致在50%～60%,后2种则能达到75%～90%.与前2种相比,后2种为更有效地去除受污染原水中有机物的方法.建议采用Ⅱ类及更优水体为水源的水厂考虑使用常规处理或季节性水质变化时采用预氧化工艺;而对于那些以Ⅲ类或更差水体为主水源的水厂则应考虑增设GAC或BAC设备,以满足饮用水水质新标准要求.