HN-AD菌强化3D-RBC处理养猪废水及微生物特性研究

针对现有养猪废水处理工艺中普遍存在的高氨氮（NH₄⁺-N）生物毒性大、工艺流程长、运行成本高和脱氮效果差等问题,采用耐受性强的异养硝化-好氧反硝化（HN-AD）菌挂膜启动三维结构生物转盘（3D-RBC）预处理养猪废水,仅需15d就完成了3D-RBC反应器的快速挂膜.采用调节盘片线速度和C/N的方式,仅65d实现了HN-AD菌在反应器中的富集及养猪废水预处理工艺的启动.采用该工艺对实际养猪废水进行处理,结果表明,HN-AD菌剂挂膜的3D-RBC工艺耐受高氨氮性能强,原水中COD、NH₄⁺-N、TN的去除率高达69.8%、87.9%和79.5%,污染物削减效果明显优于传统工艺.采用高通量测序技术研究了功能菌优势化构建过程中微生物群落结构的变化规律,结果表明,生物膜内具有HN-AD功能的优势菌由盐单胞菌属（Halomonas）、不动杆菌属（Acinetobacter）逐渐变为丛毛单胞菌属（Comamonas）、嗜氢菌属（Hydrogenophaga）等,且后者的相对丰度逐渐上升.扫描电子显微镜结果显示,生物膜以丝状菌为骨架,紧密附着在盘片上的生物膜层表面聚集了以杆状和球状为主的微生物,这与生物多样性分析得出的结论较一致.     

Association of emergency room visits for respiratory diseases with sources of ambient PM2.5

Previous studies have reported associations of short-term exposure to different sources of ambient fine particulate matter(PM_(2.5)) and increased mortality or hospitalizations for respiratory diseases. Few studies, however, have focused on the short-term effects of source-specific PM_(2.5) on emergency room visits(ERVs) of respiratory diseases. Source apportionment for PM_(2.5) was performed with Positive Matrix Factorization(PMF) and generalized additive model was applied to estimate associations between source-specific PM_(2.5) and respiratory disease ERVs. The association of PM_(2.5) and total respiratory ERVs was found on lag4(RR = 1.011, 95%CI: 1.002, 1.020) per interquartile range(76 μg/m~3) increase.We found PM_(2.5) to be significantly associated with asthma, bronchitis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD) ERVs, with the strongest effects on lag5(RR = 1.072,95%CI: 1.024, 1.119), lag4(RR = 1.104, 95%CI: 1.032, 1.176) and lag3(RR = 1.091, 95%CI: 1.047,1.135), respectively. The estimated effects of PM_(2.5) changed little after adjusting for different air pollutants. Six primary PM_(2.5) sources were identified using PMF analysis, including dust/soil(6.7%), industry emission(4.5%), secondary aerosols(30.3%), metal processing(3.2%),coal combustion(37.5%) and traffic-related source(17.8%). Some of the sources were identified to have effects on ERVs of total respiratory diseases(dust/soil, secondary aerosols, metal processing, coal combustion and traffic-related source), bronchitis ERVs(dust/soil) and COPD ERVs(traffic-related source, industry emission and secondary aerosols). Different sources of PM_(2.5) contribute to increased risk of respiratory ERVs to different extents, which may provide potential implications for the decision making of air quality related policies, rational emission control and public health welfare.     

Soil contamination with antibiotics in a typical peri-urban area in eastern China: Seasonal variation, risk assessment, and microbial responses

The prevalence and persistence of antibiotics in soils has become an emerging environmental issue and an increasing threat to soil security and global public health. The problem is more severe in areas undergoing rapid urbanization; however, the ecological risks of antibiotics, seasonal variability, and associated soil microbial responses in peri-urban soils have not been well-explored. The seasonal soil sampling campaigns were conducted in a typical peri-urban watershed in eastern China to investigate distribution of antibiotics. The results demonstrated higher mean concentrations of most antibiotic compounds in winter than in summer in peri-urban soils. The seasonal variations of norfloxacin, enrofloxacin, and ciprofloxacin were more significant than those of other antibiotics, due to their higher migration ability and bioavailability. An ecological risk assessment demonstrated that chlortetracycline, ciprofloxacin, doxycycline, and ofloxacin can pose high risks to soil microorganisms. Furthermore, the coexistence of multiple antibiotics obviously poses higher risks than individual compounds. A redundancy analysis demonstrated that tetracyclines mainly showed negative correlations with Firmicutes and Chloroflexi, and quinolones showed obviously negative correlations with Acidobacteria, Gemmatimonadetes, and Nitrospirae, suggesting potential inhibition from antibiotics on biological activities or biodegradation processes. However, the persistence of antibiotics in soil results in a significant decrease in bacterial diversity and a change in dominant species. Our results provide an overview of the seasonal variability of antibiotics and the associated effects on bacterial communities in peri-urban soils. The results can provide scientific guidance on decreasing soil contamination with antibiotics to enhance soil security in similar areas.     

Characteristics of biomass ashes from different materials and their ameliorative effects on acid soils

The chemical characteristics, element contents, mineral compositions, and the ameliorative effects on acid soils of five biomass ashes from different materials were analyzed. The chemical properties of the ashes varied depending on the source biomass material. An increase in the concrete shuttering contents in the biomass materials led to higher alkalinity, and higher Ca and Mg levels in biomass ashes, which made them particularly good at ameliorating effects on soil acidity. However, heavy metal contents, such as Cr, Cu, and Zn in the ashes, were relatively high. The incorporation of all ashes increased soil pH, exchangeable base cations, and available phosphorus, but decreased soil exchangeable acidity. The application of the ashes from biomass materials with a high concrete shuttering content increased the soil available heavy metal contents. Therefore, the biomass ashes from wood and crop residues with low concrete contents were the better acid soil amendments.     

土著水生植物对页岩气钻井废水中Cu和Pb的去除及富集特征

为实现页岩气钻井废水绿色环保无害化现场处理,选取页岩气井场附近的土著水生植物凤眼莲（Eichhorniacrassipes）、水花生（Alligator philoxeroides）、鱼腥草（Herbahouttuyniae）、狐尾草（Alopecuruspratensis）、菖蒲（Acoruscalamus）、雍菜（Swamp mrningglory）为试验植物,考察植物单一养殖与5种植物（凤眼莲、水花生、鱼腥草、狐尾草、菖蒲）组合作用时对页岩气钻井废水中Cu、Pb的去除率及生物富集特征.结果表明:凤眼莲对钻井废水中Cu的去除效率最高,达到83.04%,对Pb的去除效率达到88.89%,根部吸附重金属离子能力较强;鱼腥草对废水中Cu、Pb富集能力较强BCF（富集系数）达400以上,地上转运系数在0.5以上,Cu、Pb主要富集在茎叶;雍菜对页岩气钻井废水的毒性物质较为敏感,不易存活.水生植物组合养殖时,对废水中Cu、Pb的降解速率大于单一养殖,分别达到82.17%、88.03%.试验用土著水生植物对页岩气钻井废水中Cu、Pb的BCF均达到200以上.研究显示,通过土著水生植物对页岩气钻井废水中的Cu、Pb可以进行有效降解.      

污染场地固化/稳定化修复的评价方法与标准

固化/稳定化技术是一项在欧美等国家的污染场地修复中广泛应用的技术.在分析固化/稳定化修复效果常用的浸出试验方法和物理评价方法以及相对应的评价标准的基础上,发现我国固化/稳定化修复效果的评价方法仅有少量振荡浸出试验的方法,还缺少动态浸出试验的评价方法;浸出毒性测试普遍采用硫酸硝酸法浸出评估,忽略了As、Cr(Ⅵ)等含氧阴离子在中性至弱碱性pH下溶解度达到最大的情况;固化/稳定化修复效果的评价标准则主要借鉴固废毒性鉴别与管理方法,但该方法未规定污染土壤资源化再利用时的评价依据;另外,污染土壤和固体废物的自身特性也有一定的差异.提出了基于我国国情的污染土壤固化/稳定化浸出测试和评价标准体系:当污染土壤固化/稳定化后采用卫生填埋或一般工业固体废物贮存、处置场处置时,可参考固体废物填埋处置时的评价方法与标准;当污染土壤固化/稳定化后原址填埋时,则应增加绕流浸出方法或穿透浸出试验方法,其评价标准可参考GB/T 14848—1993《地下水质量标准》或根据关注点浓度的要求进行风险评估推算确定;当污染土壤固化/稳定化后再利用时,需根据再利用的具体情景选择相应的评价方法与标准.      

水利工程背景下河流水华暴发成因分析及模拟研究

研究发现,河流水华暴发的主要驱动因素除受过量营养盐摄入、气候变化导致的气温上升和降雨等限制外,水文情势的影响尤为显著.在高强度人类活动影响下,水利工程开发导致的水文情势改变是否为河流水华加剧的成因之一,是水与环境学科交叉研究亟待探索的一个重要应用基础问题.通过对近10年来国内外在水利工程背景下河流水华暴发成因研究进展的综述,辨识了河流水华发生的"水循环-水环境-水生态"相互作用关系;对考虑水文变化的河流水华预测统计学模型、智能算法和水质水量耦合机理模型等进行了回顾和总结,并提出了基于水循环物理过程联系的生物及生物地球化学过程、社会经济用水与管理人文过程等与河流水华发生相互作用与反馈的水系统论研究体系.当前我国水利工程调水影响区下的河流水华问题研究仍面临着一些难点和挑战:① 过去关于水利工程调水对河流中下游水生态的影响研究多数是基于情景假设和规划条件下的预断,随着近年来我国多个大型水利工程的正式实施运行,当前以实际工程调水为背景（如南水北调、引江济汉工程等）开展水华模拟的研究成果仍然十分有限;② 水利工程调水影响区下的河流水华发生机理尚不明确,当前多数藻类生长模型并没有将流域水循环过程影响纳入考虑因素,对河流生态水文过程作用机理与耦合及定量关系分析方面的研究相对匮乏;③ 现阶段水利工程背景下的河流水华问题研究多停留在定性分析和宏观定量阶段,缺乏基于以水系统理论为导向的水生态系统与河流水文情势共同作用机制的定量化研究.      

河北南大港湿地冬季浮游植物群落特征

南大港湿地是北方半人工的滨海沼泽湿地,具有重要的经济价值和生态价值。研究其冬季结冰期及融冰后的浮游生物群落结构的特征,对于了解其水生生态系统的变化有重要意义。2016年1月5日和3月13日河北南大港湿地两次采样的各站位浮游植物样品鉴定结果表明:该湿地浮游植物为硅藻-绿藻型,共鉴定出浮游植物7门,74属,108种。1月结冰期细胞密度范围为（0.26~6.70）×107 /L,均值为2.25×107 /L,主要优势种包括衣藻（Chlamydomonas sp.）、小环藻（Cyclotella sp.）以及细小平裂藻（Merismopedia minima）。3月份融冰后细胞密度范围为（0.35~16.35）×107 /L,均值为4.28×107 /L,主要优势种包括小球藻（Chlorella sp.）、细小平裂藻（Merismopedia minima）、四鞭藻（Carteria sp.）以及针形纤维藻（Ankistrodesmus acicularis）。结冰期前后,浮游植物资源均较为丰富,结构也比较稳定,但融冰后生物多样性要优于结冰期。由于环境因子空间异质性很大,因此同时期湿地内部各个站位物种种类空间分布和细胞密度差异较大。     

"十三五"环境保护的网络舆情研究

以百度为数据获取渠道,综合分析了以下几类环境保护网络舆情:(1) 环境保护"十三五"规划的网络舆情分析,包括网民关注热点和网民特征;(2)"十二五"期间,网民对"空气"、"水资源"、"生活垃圾"、"噪声"、"土壤"等问题的总体关注度;(3)"十二五"期间,网民对"空气"、"水资源"、"噪声"、"土壤"四类问题的关注焦点.把握网络舆情发展的规律和趋势,加强引导和管理,将有助于环境保护"十三五"规划的有效实施.     

伊乐藻-固定化脱氮微生物技术对入贡湖河道脱氮机制的影响

采用无扰动的入贡湖亲水河底泥柱芯以及上覆水进行实验,探究了伊乐藻与固定化脱氮微生物技术对受污染的入贡湖湾河道的生态修复效果.运用稳定性15N同位素配对技术和基于16S rRNA高通量测序技术探讨了伊乐藻与固定化脱氮微生物联用技术(E-INCB)对亲水河底泥的反硝化速率、厌氧氨氧化速率以及脱氮微生物群落多样性的影响.结果表明,添加了伊乐藻与固定化脱氮微生物以后,亲水河水质得到明显改善,TN、NH+4-N、NO-3-N的去除率分别为72.03%、46.67%、76.65%,同时,添加了伊乐藻和固定化脱氮微生物以后,泥水界面的反硝化细菌和厌氧氨氧化细菌表现出协同作用关系,与对照组相比,反硝化速率和厌氧氨氧化速率增加量分别为165μmol·(m2·h)-1和269.7μmol·(m2·h)-1.反硝化细菌与厌氧氨氧化细菌的群落多样性明显增加,变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、浮霉菌门(Planctomycetes)、酸杆菌门(Acidobbacteria)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)均具有优势增长.沉水植物与固定化脱氮微生物联用技术增强了河道底泥中的脱氮微生物多样性,进一步提高了亲水河的氮素脱除能力.