循环冷却水高浓缩倍率处理技术在电厂的应用研究

随着淡水资源的日益紧缺,如何提高水资源的利用率以达到节约用水的目的引起更高的关注.基于河南某电厂循环冷却水浓缩倍率仅为2.0的现状,选取两种新型高效的水处理药剂(1号、2号).经试验研究确定处理效果更佳的1号药剂为选择药剂,并确定最佳投药量为8 mg/l.将1号药剂应用到实际工程中,循环水浓缩倍率提高至6.5以上,节省了大量的水资源,同时减少废水的排放量,为该电厂带来了良好的经济和环境效益,也为类似工程的建设提供一定的参考作用.     

Estimating the combined toxicity of flufenacet and imazaquin to sorghum with pore water herbicide concentration

Combined toxicity of herbicides to non-target crops is usually resulted from their successive application. The present study was conducted to assess the combined toxicity of flufenacet (FLU) and imazaquin (IMA) to sorghum with their concentration in soil pore water. The concentrations that inhibited growth by 50% (IC50) of FLU and IMA individually and their combination estimated from the herbicide concentrations in soil pore water notably differed from those based on the amended concentrations, due to the decline in bioavailability resulting from adsorption of the herbicides onto soil. According to the amended concentrations, the combined effect of FLU and IMA in soil on sorghum growth was identified as additive action. Based on the concentration in soil pore water, however, it was determined to be antagonism, which was identical to that observed in a test using culture solution. The results revealed that pore water herbicide concentration might be an effective tool to assess the combined toxicity of herbicides in soil to rotational crops.     

Estimation of daily PM2.5 concentration and its relationship with meteorological conditions in Beijing

When investigating the impact of air pollution on health, particulate matter less than 2.5 μm in aerodynamic diameter(PM_(2.5)) is considered more harmful than particulates of other sizes. Therefore, studies of PM_(2.5) have attracted more attention. Beijing, the capital of China,is notorious for its serious air pollution problem, an issue which has been of great concern to the residents, government, and related institutes for decades. However, in China,significantly less time has been devoted to observing PM_(2.5) than for PM_(10). Especially before 2013, the density of the PM_(2.5) ground observation network was relatively low, and the distribution of observation stations was uneven. One solution is to estimate PM_(2.5) concentrations from the existing data on PM_(10). In the present study, by analyzing the relationship between the concentrations of PM_(2.5) and PM_(10), and the meteorological conditions for each season in Beijing from 2008 to 2014, a U-shaped relationship was found between the daily maximum wind speed and the daily PM concentration, including both PM_(2.5) and PM_(10). That is, the relationship between wind speed and PM concentration is not a simple positive or negative correlation in these wind directions; their relationship has a complex effect, with higher PM at low and high wind than for moderate winds.Additionally, in contrast to previous studies, we found that the PM_(2.5)/PM_(10) ratio is proportional to the mean relative humidity(MRH). According to this relationship, for each season we established a multiple nonlinear regression(MNLR) model to estimate the PM_(2.5) concentrations of the missing periods.     

Algal uptake of dissolved organic nitrogen in wastewater treatment plants

The algal uptake of dissolved organic nitrogen(DON) in the anaerobic–anoxic–oxic(A_2O)process was investigated in this study. Anaerobic, aerobic and effluent DON samples from two wastewater treatment plants(WWTPs) were separated into hydrophilic and hydrophobic fractions using a DAX-8 resin coupled with an anion exchange resin and a nanofiltration(NF)pretreatment. Hydrophilic DON accounted for 66.66%–88.74% of the entire DON for the two plants evaluated. After a 15-day incubation, 16.95%–91.75% DON was bioavailable for algal growth, and untreated samples exhibited higher DON bioavailability, with 52.83% DON average uptake rates, compared with the hydrophilic and hydrophobic fractions(45.53% and 44.40%, respectively) because the pretreatment caused the inorganic salt to be resistant to algae. Anaerobic untreated samples, hydrophilic fractions and hydrophobic fractions showed higher DON reduction rates and higher biomass accumulation compared with the other DON fractions due to the decomposition of resistant organics by anaerobic and anoxic bacteria.DON in aerobic and effluent samples of plant A was more bioavailable than that of plant B with usages of 27.49%–55.26% DON. DON bioavailability in the anaerobic–anoxic–oxic process decreased in the following order: anaerobic effluent aerobic. The DON contents were reduced after anaerobic treatment in the two plants. The EEM-PARAFAC model identified three DON components, including two humic acid-like substances and one protein-like substance in plant A and two protein-like substances and one humic acid-like substance in plant B.     

过硫酸盐氧化与水泥固化稳定化协同修复苯胺污染土壤

为了快速高效地处理突发性事故造成的苯胺污染土壤,在水泥固化稳定化苯胺污染土壤时加入过硫酸盐和活性炭,评估固化稳定化产物中苯胺的浸出特征和降解机理. 结果表明:①过硫酸盐的加入可以快速有效地去除污染土壤中高浓度(10 g/kg)的苯胺,当反应时间为10 min、过硫酸盐添加量为1.0 eq(即过硫酸盐与土壤中苯胺的摩尔浓度比为1.0)时,处理后土壤中苯胺残留量为1 345 mg/kg;过硫酸盐添加量为2.0 eq时,苯胺残留量为43 mg/kg,反应时间对苯胺的去除效率影响不大,碱性条件有利于苯胺的降解. ②过硫酸盐-活性炭-水泥复合固化稳定化剂可以有效固化稳定化高浓度苯胺污染土壤,过硫酸盐的加入可以有效氧化土壤中的苯胺,是浸出液中ρ(苯胺)降低的主要因素;活性炭的加入可以进一步吸附残留的苯胺及降解产物,使浸出液中ρ(TOC)大幅降低;水泥水化产生的强碱性和温度升高有助于过硫酸盐对苯胺的氧化降解. ③苯胺氧化降解产物分析发现,偶氮苯、苯酚和联苯胺是苯胺的主要降解产物.      

添加CaO对燃煤重金属元素富集效果的影响

选取CaO作为吸附剂,探究了不同燃烧温度下添加CaO对重金属元素在燃煤灰渣中富集效果的影响规律。实验结果表明:添加CaO对重金属元素Cr未起到富集作用,而对Mn,Ni,Cu,Zn,As,Cd,Pb 7种重金属元素的富集效果显著;随燃烧温度的升高,CaO对各赋存形态的Mn,Ni,Cu,Zn,As的富集效果先变好而后变差,对各赋存形态的Cd和Pb的富集效果越来越好;CaO添加比(预处理后的CaO颗粒与预处理后的原煤的质量比)越大,CaO对Mn,Ni,Cu,Zn,As,Cd,Pb的富集效果越好,燃烧温度为850℃时的最佳CaO添加比为4%。     

Chemical characteristics of fine particles and their impact on visibility impairment in Shanghai based on a 1-year period observation

In this work, a one-year observation focusing on high time resolution characteristics of components in fine particles was conducted at an urban site in Shanghai. Contributions of different components on visibility impairment were also studied. Our research indicates that the major components of PM_2.5 in Shanghai are water-soluble inorganic ions and carbonaceous aerosol, accounting for about 60% and 30% respectively. Higher concentrations of sulfate (SO₄²⁻) and organic carbon (OC) in PM_2.5 occurred in fall and summer, while higher concentrations of nitrate (NO₃⁻) were observed in winter and spring. The mass concentrations of Cl⁻ and K⁺ were higher in winter. Moreover, NO₃⁻ increased significantly during PM_2.5 pollution episodes. The high values observed for the sulfate oxidizing rate (SOR), nitrate oxidizing rate (NOR) and secondary organic carbon (SOC) in OC indicate that photochemical reactions were quite active in Shanghai. The IMPROVE (Interagency Monitoring of Protected Visual Environments) formula was used in this study to investigate the contributions of individual PM_2.5 chemical components to the light extinction efficient in Shanghai. Both NH₄NO₃ and (NH₄)₂SO₄ had close relationships with visibility impairment in Shanghai. Our results show that the reduction of anthropogenic SO₂, NO_x and NH₃ would have a significant effect on the improvement of air quality and visibility in Shanghai.     

德尔菲法在归纳主要环境问题中的应用

尝试用德尔菲法归纳建德市的主要环境问题,对15位专家的2轮咨询结果进行统计分析,筛选出15个指标组合成10个主要环境问题,较好地反映了建德市的环境污染现状和变化趋势。