小水电资源区域开发环境影响回顾性评价案例分析——以海南省为例

在小水电资源区域开发规划环境影响报告书编制中应设置小水电资源区域开发环境影响回顾性评价专题,对规划区域小水电资源开发过程产生的环境问题进行调查和回顾性评价,从中发现小水电资源开发存在的环境问题,并提出规避的对策。海南省小水电资源开发规划环境影响报告书小水电资源区域开发环境影响回顾性评价专题案例。通过遥感影像判读及现场调查发现,选址不当、断流、减水、沙化、景观破坏、植被覆盖率降低及外来物种入侵、水土流失、用水矛盾、影响渔业资源等环境问题普遍存在,主要原因是环境行政管理虚位。主要对策有：在小水电资源开发规划及项目可行性研究报告中,应将环境法规符合性及环保投资列为重要内容;实施工程环境监理;加强竣工环保验收;将水电站下泄生态流量等环保措施执行情况的现场检查纳入常态工作范畴。     

丁草胺在土壤中吸附特性研究

采用室内模拟试验方法,研究了丁草胺在三种不同有机质含量土壤中的吸附特性曲线,采用批量平衡法,用三种土壤对丁草胺进行吸附,并通过改变三种土壤的投加量、温度和pH进行实验。实验结果表明,丁草胺在三种不同土壤中的吸附平衡时间大约为12h,以快速吸附为主,土壤的有机质含量是影响土壤吸附性能的重要因素,土壤有机质含量与土壤对农药的吸附呈正相关,土壤的投加量越大固相中的吸附量也越大,丁草胺在土壤中的吸附随着温度的升高而减弱,但影响并不明显;碱性条件不利于土壤对丁草胺的吸附量。     

宿迁市公众环境意识调查研究

采用问卷调查与社会访问相结合的方法,对江苏省宿迁市居民的环境意识进行了调查。统计结果表明宿迁市居民对当地环境处于基本满意阶段,并认为政府对环境保护工作比较重视;宿迁市公众具备了一定的环境保护基础知识．但是环境意识比较低,环境保护行为相对滞后,需要政府加以引导,加强环境宣传教育,提高民众的环境意识。     

某肉鸭养殖宰杀企业综合废水深度处理工程

肉鸭养殖宰杀产业废水排放量大,污染物浓度高,简单处理后的水外排对水质有较大影响.在此以某肉鸭养殖宰杀企业为例,对原有污水处理工艺进行改造,通过增加深度处理单元以及对废水进行回用,降低了污染物的浓度,实现了80%的废水回用率.工程的实施给企业带来巨大的经济效益,减轻了当地水域的污染负荷,对于改善其生态环境起到了巨大的作用,具有明显的环境、经济和社会效益.     

A mini-microbial fuel cell for voltage testing of exoelectrogenic bacteria

Current methods for testing the electricity generation capacity of isolates are time- and labor-consuming. This paper presents a rapid voltage testing system of exoelectrogenic bacteria called Quickscreen, which is based on a microliter microbial fuel cell (MFC). Geobacter sulfurreducens and Shewanella baltica were used as the model exoelectrogenic bacteria; Escherichia coli that cannot generate electricity was used as a negative control. It was found that the electricity generation capacity of the isolates could be determined within about five hours by using Quickscreen, and that its time was relatively rapid compared with the time needed by using larger MFCs. A parallel, stable, and low background voltage was achieved using titanium as a current collector in the blank run. The external resistance had little impact on the blank run during the initial period. The cathode with a five-hole configuration, used to hydrate the carbon cathode, gave higher cathode potential than that with a one-hole configuration. Steady discharge and current interrupt methods showed that the anode mostly contributed to the large internal resistance of the Quickscreen system. However, the addition of graphite felt decreased the resistance from 18 to 5 kΩ. This device was proved to be useful to rapidly evaluate the electricity generation capacity of different bacteria.     

Selective sorption of perfluorooctane sulfonate on molecularly imprinted polymer adsorbents

Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), as a potential persistent organic pollutant, has been widely detected in water environments, and has become a great concern in recent years. PFOS is very stable and difficult to decompose using conventional techniques. Sorption may be an attractive method to remove it from water. In this study, the molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) adsorbents were prepared through the polymerization of 4-vinylpyridine under different preparation conditions in order to remove perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) from water. The MIP adsorbents using perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) as the template had good imprinting effects and could selectively remove PFOS from aqueous solution. The sorption behaviors including sorption kinetics, isotherms, and effect of pH, salt, and competitive anions were investigated. Experimental results showed that the sorption of PFOS on the MIP adsorbents was very fast, pH-dependent, and highly selective. The achieved fast sorption equilibrium within 1 h was attributed to the surface sorption on the fine adsorbents. The sorption isotherms showed that the sorption selectivity of PFOS on the MIP adsorbents decreased at high PFOS concentrations, which may be due to the double-layer sorption and the formation of PFOS micelles on the sorbent surface. The sorption of PFOS on the MIP adsorbents was mainly dominated by the electrostatic interaction between the protonated vinylpyridine on the adsorbent surface and the anionic PFOS. The prepared MIP adsorbents can potentially be applied in water and wastewater treatment for selective removal of PFOS.     

FIA技术在水质监测分析中的应用

通过使用Lachat流动注射分析仪测定环境水样中的四个常规项目总磷、总氮、挥发酚和总氰来介绍兀A技术在水质分析领域的应用。实验结果表明,各项目的标样测定值均在保证值范围之内,相对标准偏差在0．2％-3．7％之间。方法的精密度及准确度较好,加标回收率在91％-102％之间,满足水质监测实验室质量控制的要求。     

流动注射法测定水中高锰酸盐指数的研究

研究了用流动注射分析技术测定水体中高锰酸盐指数。使用新发明的耐腐蚀恒流泵、低记忆高效混合器、不存留气泡流通池等部件,通过高温高压,缩短消解时间,从而建立了一种可用于无人值守的自动在线快速监测水体中高锰酸盐指数的分析方法。通过实验研究了流动注射法测定水中高锰酸盐指数的优越性。对方法的检出限、精密度和准确度进行了测定,并与GB／T11892—89《水质高锰酸盐指数的测定》进行了比对,取得了满意的结果。     

工业污染防治主要措施回顾性评价

随着经济和社会高速发展,工业污染控日趋严重,工业污染物排放量处于较高水平,在一些地区大大超过环境承栽能力。要综合解决目前中国在发展中面临的资源浪费和环境污染等比较突出的问题,唯一出路就是建立资源节约型工业生产体系,走新型工业化道路,这是实现中国经济可持续发展战略的关键所在。污染防治措施回顾评价的基本目的,是通过对各省市工业经济生产状况的调查和分析,评价工业污染防治措施实施的效果,并提出改善污染防治措施的建议,以期防治污染和其他公害,保护和改善生活环境与生态环境,保障人体健康,促进经济、社会的可持续发展。     

高浓度制药废水预处理技术试验研究

以某制药厂排出的制药废水为处理对象,研究比较了混凝法、Fenton氧化法、臭氧氧化法、电解法和微电解法对废水的预处理效果。发现混凝法不能有效去除废水中的溶解性的有机物,微电解法和电解法对去除有机物有很好的效果,CODcr的去除率可达65％以上。Fenton氧化和微电解法对色度的去除效果较好,臭氧氧化和电解由于氧化还原反应可能生成一些新的物质,使得废水色度反而上升。除化学混凝法外,其他各种方法均能明显提高废水的B／C值,为后续的生化处理创造有利条件。